法學(xué)專業(yè)外文翻譯6-法律法學(xué)-閱讀頁(yè)
2025-02-08 03:54本頁(yè)面
【正文】 is the prevention of crime, to achieve this aim, does not necessarily have to rely on harsh penalties to plete the penalty, a certain utilitarian, as long as it can achieve the ultimate goal of crime prevention, we can in the system for some special settings, of course, this is followed in other criminal law the basic principles of the design. Surrendered system, which in the crime after crime opened the door, but also the results of such a design. Sociology, criminal psychology research results show that the perpetrator in the act of the crime, would have the psychological plexity, and corresponding to, and will have different behavior, the most important of which is manifested as a kind of panic, because of fear crime was brought to light by a constant state of anxiety penalty of sanctions, the direction and indecisiveness. If they ignore these people may evade judicial investigation, or even burn his bridges to crime, continue to endanger society, and people39。s aims, but also conducive to reform criminals. The judiciary seek help reduce costs and improve the detection rate .Crime is the danger of many major and intuitive performance in the criminal act itself to the social damage caused by the objective of the deprivation of human life, property damage and so forth like, but we must also recognize that criminal acts to society after another loss the judiciary to perform their judicial duties and the amount of the cost is very important. A criminal case, the judiciary in the investigation, prosecution, trial, implementation requires a lot of manpower, financial and material resources. And often is cast and not, reconnaissance, but not broken, so the judiciary, and the entire society is a very large expenditures, or to say is a tremendous waste, and the current economic crimes in crime has been increasing, more subtle means, At the same time the number of cases has bee a geometric growth, to the work of the judiciary has posed a severe challenge. Criminal who surrendered to the judiciary not only save the file from the investigation to arrest this process the enormous expenditure, but also greatly increase the rate of detection of the judiciary。違例者身體損害他們的受害者或冒犯了對(duì)國(guó)家本身所犯下叛國(guó)罪或逃逸跨越國(guó)界不能享有減免，但可以接受，減輕處罰情節(jié)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)為自首，并供述減少到僅僅減輕處罰情節(jié)的，但范圍擴(kuò)大到包括犯罪的，如殺人，而恢復(fù)原狀是不可能的。但是，根據(jù)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，這成為主要的工具，政治控制與社會(huì)和思想的改革。 中國(guó)對(duì)自首者實(shí)行相對(duì)從寬處理原則，即對(duì)自首者原則上從寬處理，但在下也可以不予從寬處理。第 七條第 2 款中規(guī)定： “ 對(duì)于自首的犯罪分子可以從輕或者減輕處罰，犯罪較輕的，可以免除處罰。對(duì)自首者從寬是一條符合我國(guó)國(guó)情且行之有效的法律制度，有利于分化瓦解犯罪分子，給犯了罪的人一個(gè)改過(guò)的機(jī)會(huì)，鼓勵(lì)犯罪分子主動(dòng)投案，促進(jìn)其認(rèn)罪 伏法 ，使案件盡快偵破，減少社會(huì)危害性，達(dá)到一般預(yù)防和特殊預(yù)防的目的?！钡斜姸鄬W(xué)者認(rèn)為，還要具備第三個(gè)條件，就 是接受審查和裁判。但是不同的投案動(dòng)機(jī)并不影響自動(dòng)投案的構(gòu)成。所以說(shuō)，如實(shí)交代犯罪行為是自首成立的一個(gè)重要條 件，也是自首的本質(zhì)特征。 1979 年刑法在實(shí)踐中所掌握的自首的成立條件有：（１）自動(dòng)投案；（２）如實(shí)供述自己的罪行；（３）接受審查和裁判。正如前文所說(shuō)， 1997年刑法正是為了彌補(bǔ) 1979 年刑法的不足，避免實(shí)踐中可能出現(xiàn)的某些錯(cuò)誤做法，才將自首的成立條件從三條改為二條?！笨陀^上已經(jīng)把接受審查和裁判作為自首成立的第三個(gè)條件。被告人對(duì)行為性質(zhì)的辯解不影響自首的成立。 自首的類型劃分，他們理論界有不同的認(rèn)識(shí)。對(duì)第 2 款規(guī)定的自首類型，刑法理論界也稱其為“準(zhǔn)自首”。此種二分法雖然能夠體現(xiàn)出對(duì) 1997 年刑法典第 67 條兩款內(nèi)容之不同性的關(guān)注，卻根本未注意到問(wèn)題的另一面：即自首制度并不僅僅存在于總則中，同時(shí)還存在于分則中；不僅僅存在適用一切犯罪的普遍性自首制度，還存在適用個(gè)別犯罪的特別自首制度，因此前述認(rèn)識(shí)是片面的。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的長(zhǎng)波存在于中國(guó)，直到早期多年的 20 世紀(jì)，一個(gè)供詞認(rèn)為必須結(jié)束一宗刑事案件，形式的酷刑獲準(zhǔn)在以 獲得 自白書形式 指控 罪 犯以及作為證據(jù)的形式不愿意作證 .在實(shí)踐中 ，同時(shí)，根據(jù)各個(gè)共和黨和共產(chǎn)主義，被告人 目前 常常受到各種壓力，包括身體暴力和威脅，尤其是服務(wù)器上的制裁，如果他們不 承認(rèn) 。在自首本質(zhì)的問(wèn)題上，中國(guó)刑法學(xué)界存在以下三種觀點(diǎn)：第一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，自首的本質(zhì)是悔罪，悔罪是“自動(dòng)”投案和“如實(shí)”供述罪行的動(dòng)機(jī)，投案和供述罪行是悔罪的表現(xiàn)。犯罪人犯罪后歸案的形式不外乎兩種：被動(dòng)歸案和自動(dòng)歸案?？梢?，自首的本質(zhì)就在于：犯罪人犯罪后自己把自己交付國(guó)家追訴。 他們認(rèn)為，作為自首的本質(zhì)，應(yīng)當(dāng)具備以下三個(gè)特征：第一，它是自首本身的特質(zhì)，并將自首與其他事物區(qū)別開來(lái)；第二，它貫穿自首行為的始終，并普遍適用于自首的各種情形；第三，它能體現(xiàn)自首制度立法的精神實(shí)質(zhì)?！盎谧铩辈⒉皇亲允姿赜械膶傩?，其他刑罰制度諸如緩刑、減刑、假釋等制度無(wú)不以悔罪為要件；司法實(shí)踐中，自首的動(dòng)機(jī)是各種各樣、紛繁復(fù)雜的，并非全部出于悔罪，有的可能是潛逃困難、走投無(wú)路，有的是因?yàn)榉傻耐?，有的是在親朋好友的規(guī)勸之下勉強(qiáng)投案等。在這里，無(wú)論是“交付”還是“提請(qǐng)”，都是強(qiáng)調(diào)犯罪分子犯罪后歸案的主動(dòng)性，可以說(shuō)， 這已在很大程度上提示出自首的本
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