【正文】 價(jià)，查找其存在的危險(xiǎn)、有害因素并確定其程度，提出：合理可行的安全對(duì)策措施及建議。如2021年國(guó)家安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理局開(kāi)展的《危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)品專項(xiàng)安全評(píng)價(jià)》。定性評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)不對(duì)危險(xiǎn)性進(jìn)行定量化處理，只作定性比較。屬于這類評(píng)價(jià)方法的有安全檢查表 (Safety Check List，英文縮寫(xiě) SCL)、預(yù)先危險(xiǎn)性分析(Preliminary Hazard Analysis ，英文縮寫(xiě) PHA) 、故障類型和影響分析(FailureMode Effects Analysis，英文縮寫(xiě) FMEA)、危險(xiǎn)和可操作性研究(HazardandOperabilitySmdy英文縮寫(xiě) HAZOP)等方法。其缺點(diǎn)是：評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果不能量化；評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果取決于評(píng)價(jià)人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，含有相當(dāng)高的經(jīng)驗(yàn)成分；對(duì)同一評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象，不同的評(píng)價(jià)人員可能得出不同的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果；對(duì)系統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)性的描述缺乏深度，不同類型評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果沒(méi)有可比性；評(píng)價(jià)人員需要確定大量的評(píng)畢業(yè)論文 價(jià)依據(jù)，根據(jù)已經(jīng)設(shè)定的評(píng)價(jià)依據(jù)，才能對(duì)設(shè)備、設(shè)施或系統(tǒng)的當(dāng)前狀態(tài)給出定性評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果。定量評(píng)價(jià)是在危險(xiǎn)性量化基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的一種評(píng)價(jià)，主要依靠歷史統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，運(yùn)用數(shù) 學(xué)方法構(gòu)造數(shù)學(xué)模型進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。 ① 概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)方法 它是根據(jù)零部件或子系統(tǒng)的事故發(fā)生概率，求取整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的事故發(fā)生概率。這些評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目都耗費(fèi)了大量的人力、物力，在方法的討論、數(shù)據(jù)的取舍、不確定性的研究以及災(zāi)害模型的研 究方面均有所創(chuàng)建，對(duì)大型企業(yè)的安全評(píng)價(jià)影響較大。但是，這種方法要求數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確、充分，要求分析過(guò)程完整，判斷和假設(shè)合理，對(duì)于化工、石油化工等行業(yè)，由于系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜、不確定因素多、人員失誤概率的估計(jì)十分困難，因此至今未能取得很大進(jìn)展。由于使用概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)方法需要取得組成系統(tǒng)各零部件和子系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障的概率數(shù)據(jù)，目前在民用工業(yè)系統(tǒng)中，這類 數(shù)據(jù)的積累還很不充分，是使用這一方法的根本性障礙。E1)評(píng)價(jià)法、英國(guó)帝國(guó)化學(xué)公司 (ICI)蒙德 (Mond)分部火災(zāi)、爆炸、毒性指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)法、日本勞動(dòng)省化工廠安全評(píng)價(jià)六階段法、我國(guó)的化工廠危險(xiǎn)程度分級(jí)方法等安全評(píng)價(jià)方法。指數(shù)的采用避免了事故概率及其后果難以確定的畢業(yè)論文 困難， 評(píng)價(jià)指數(shù)值同時(shí)含有事故頻率和事故后果兩個(gè)方面的因素。評(píng)價(jià)自開(kāi)始起就用指標(biāo)值給出，使得評(píng)價(jià)后期對(duì)系統(tǒng)的安全改進(jìn)工作較困難。 3．根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容分類 (1)工廠設(shè)計(jì)的安全性評(píng)價(jià) 工廠設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用新技術(shù)、開(kāi)發(fā)新產(chǎn)品，在進(jìn)行可行性研究的同時(shí)進(jìn)行安全評(píng)價(jià)，通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)階段就對(duì)危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行控制和消除，一些國(guó)家已將它用法規(guī)的形式固定下來(lái)。 (3)人的行為的安全性評(píng)價(jià) 對(duì)人的不安全心理狀態(tài)和人機(jī)工程要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行 行為測(cè)定，評(píng)定其安全性。 (5)作業(yè)環(huán)境條件評(píng)價(jià) 評(píng)價(jià)作業(yè)環(huán)境和條件對(duì)人體健康危害的影響。 4．根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行分類 (1)系統(tǒng)固有危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià) 畢業(yè)論文 固有危險(xiǎn)性是指由系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、安裝等原始因素決定的危險(xiǎn)性，即系統(tǒng)投入運(yùn)行前已經(jīng)存在的危險(xiǎn)性。 (2)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)實(shí)危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià) 主要是評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)目前仍然實(shí)際存在的危險(xiǎn)性，通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)掌握各類危險(xiǎn)源的分布情況和安全管理狀態(tài)，以便重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)控制。s behavior safety evaluation, equipment, facilities, and the safety evaluation of operational environment safety evaluation, chemicals safety evaluation, etc. This paper mainly USES the inherent risk degree of qualitative and quantitative analysis and qualitative and quantitative analysis of risk degree method. Through a series of safety evaluation methods and the corresponding safety evaluation results. If use the word of fire and explosion chemical panies to oxygen index method for coal and device of fire and explosion danger level evaluation, and the corresponding safety coefficient of pensation, also used in advance within the risk analyzedof mon accident is analysised, and the accident potential danger. General business or other units in the set up, or running for safety evaluation is required. The main purpose is based on the production or the case of the proposed project, the safety evaluation by the appropriate agency for evaluation of divisionsite inspections for safety deficiencies, and gives corrective measures required by the business for rectification, to achieve safe production purposes. Evaluate the situation according to business division safety evaluation report prepared by the Work Safety 畢業(yè)論文 Supervision Bureau for approval after examination and approval procedures as a business for a variety of important assessment into the safety preevaluation (before the establishment of the project), safety evaluation and safety inspection evaluation of the status quo. Products or byproducts in which dangerous chemicals have to preevaluation and acceptance main purpose of safety evaluation is to help panies identify security deficiencies, provide security services, and approval by the local safety supervision bureau to obtain legal procedures. Safety evaluation in prevent, reduce accidents, reduce disaster losses and the cause of the accident analysis of various aspects play an important role in safety evaluation has been increasingly included in national legislation, standards, and relevant norms of international anizations terms. 1. The status of safety assessment (1) The safety assessment has bee a construction project, a work must be carried out . projects have important safety evaluation. Japan39。s identity, ISO 9000 series of standards and IS014000 series of standards widely adopted worldwide. Occupational safety and health management system has also been increasing attention on a world scale, and safety management system has taken shape. Hazard identification, safety assessment is the premise of good safety management, therefore, at international standards on safety management safety evaluation almost without exception, as an important part: Canada39。 China39。s duties and provides a number of safety assessment method。 ② predict failures caused by mistake or dangerous。 ④ achieve optimal security measures。 ② the production of fire risk category A of the Project。 ④ mass production or use of industrial grade, Ⅱ level of occupational exposure to harmful levels of toxic construction projects。 ⑥ labor administrative department to confirm the other risk, risk factors, large construction projects. (2) security evaluation and acceptance Safety and acceptance in the construction project evaluation is pleted, the test works correctly, through the facilities of construction projects, equipment, devices and management of actual health status of the safety assessment of construction projects put into operation to find the existence of dangerous and harmful factors to determine the extent of and to make reasonably practicable the safety countermeasures and suggestions. (3) evaluation of safety status Security status of device evaluation, also known as inservice safety assessment, for a certain production units (enterprises) in general or local production and business activities of the security status of safety evaluation, to find the existence of dangerous 畢業(yè)論文 and harmful factors and to determine its extent, proposed: reasonably practicable the safety countermeasures and suggestions. (4) special safety evaluation Special safety assessment for a particular activity or place, and a specific industry, products, production methods, production process or production unit, presence of dangerous and harmful factors in the safety evaluation, to find the