【正文】
nextquad} 常用控制流語句的翻譯控制流語句ifthen,ifthenelse和whiledo的文法為: ⑴S→if B then S1 ⑵S→if B then S1 else S2 ⑶S→while B do S1 ⑷S→begin L end ⑸S→A ⑹L→L1。backpatch(, )。gencode(39。)} ⑶M→ε{ := nextquad} ⑷S→if B then M S1{backpatch(, )。backpatch(,)。gencode(39。)} ⑹S→begin L end{:=} ⑺S→A{ := nil} ⑻L→L1。 := } ⑼L→S{ := } for循環(huán)語句的翻譯for循環(huán)語句的文法如下所示:S → for id := E1 to E2 step E3 do S1for循環(huán)語句的翻譯模式如下所示:S → for id := E1 to E2 step E3 do M S1 {backpatch(, ,)。 := 。gencode(‘:=’, ,, )。gencode(‘:=’, ,, T1)。gencode(‘:=’, ,, T2)。gencode(‘goto’,,, q+2)。gencode(‘+’, , T2, )。gencode(‘if’ ‘’T1‘goto –’)。:=} M→ε{ := nextquad} N→ε{backpatch(, nextquad)} switch語句的文法為:S → switch(E)ClistClist→ case V : S Clist | default : Sswitch語句的翻譯模式如下所示:⑴S→switch(E){i:=0。push 。push i。push q} Clist{pop q。pop 。:=merge(, q)。pop i。pop 。q:=nextquad。push 。push q}S{pop q。pop 。p:=nextquad。gencode(Li‘:’)。:=merge(, )。push 。push q}Clist⑶Clist→default :{pop q。i:=i+1。if nextquad ≠0 then backpatch(q, nextquad)。gencode(‘if’ ‘≠’ Vi ‘goto’ Vi+1)。push i。pop i。pop 。gencode(‘goto’)。:=merge(, p)。push 。push i。repeatn:=n+1;從queue的隊首取出一個實參地址p。param39。until queue為空。call39。} 過程返回語句的翻譯模式為:S → return E{if 需要返回結(jié)果 then gencode(‘:=’, ,, F)。帶I/O參數(shù)的程序語句和輸入輸出語句的文法如下所示:P → prog id(input, output)D。S Parlist→ input(ε | , output)S→(read | readln)(N List)。repeatmove(Queue, in)。n:=n+1。gencode(‘call’, ‘SYSIN’, n1,)。{ n:=0。gencode(‘par’, ‘out’,,)。until Queue為空。add(Queue, T)} K→ε {T:= 。冀州市副市長高存影、團市委書記王娜、教體局副局長張學(xué)兵和我校體育學(xué)院院長杜鵬、團委副書記張鵬飛等一同參加。The opening ceremony, Guo Lizhi vice President delivered a warm speech, Gao Cunying vice mayor announced officially began a “善美青春、出彩人生”為主題,內(nèi)容包括籃球賽、乒乓球團體賽、羽毛球團體賽3個項目。The activity with “the good youth, brilliant life” as the theme, content includes basketball, table tennis team, badminton team three field athletes in high spirit, striving, fully embodies the good spirit of college students spent with jizhou youth in our ,也成為我校服務(wù)地方體育文化建設(shè)的平臺之一。參考譯文:例如,為了能讓學(xué)生研究這一過程,電影可以放慢演示晶體的形成過程。參考譯文:鞍座可以是固定的,這樣鋼纜可以在它上面滑動,也可以安裝在滾柱上,這樣鞍座就會隨鋼纜的移動而移動。主句中包含一個由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,界定;modern practice在此意為現(xiàn)代史學(xué)實踐;conform to原意為遵照,順從,在此譯為趨向于認(rèn)為。讓步狀語從句翻譯方法一、譯成表示讓步的分句,如雖然?但是?,盡管?等。參考譯文:雖然人類是地球上最聰明的生物,人能創(chuàng)造一切,但大自然更富于創(chuàng)造性,早已創(chuàng)造出比人類創(chuàng)造的更好更小巧的東西。例如:No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every :不管你多么小心翼翼地把手伸向一只蒼蠅,差不多每次它都飛走。就其意義來說,在句中有時相當(dāng)于一個并列分句。在翻譯成漢語時可以將從句與主句分譯,獨立成句。參考譯文:一次在比薩大教堂做禮拜時,他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正看著一個吊燈架,它隨著氣流時而劃一個大弧,時而劃一個小弧。從句翻譯All mercial munication satellites, which began to be launched in1965, are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits(地球同步軌道)。三、翻譯成有狀語職能的句子非限制性定語從句在語義上有時起狀語分句的作用,表示原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等意義。Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their :在語義上,定語從句與主句的關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系,因此我們將定語從句譯成原因狀語從句。條件狀語從句翻譯方法條件狀語從句可相應(yīng)譯成表示條件或表示假設(shè)的分句,例如翻譯成:如果、要是等引導(dǎo)的分句。參考譯文:今年秋天,如果一切順利的話,一只革命性新潛艇將輕輕在蒙特利海灣下水,進(jìn)行它的第一次航行。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的詞組還有providing, as long as等。限制性定語從句翻譯方法定語從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句和它的先行詞的所指意義有著不可分割的聯(lián)系,缺少了它,作為先行詞的名詞(詞組)便不能明確表示其所指對象,根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣及對原文的忠實度,翻譯這類定語從句可以采用以下幾種方法:一、合譯法合譯法指把定語從句譯成帶的的定語詞組,放在被修飾詞的前面,從而將復(fù)合句譯成漢語單句。Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity(速度)of light did not :定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是簡單的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),翻譯成前置的定語詞組。二、分譯法如果限制性定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions, an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being :在這句的定語從句中,有現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語,及過去分詞做后置定語,翻譯成前置的定語詞組會生澀拗口。參考譯文:因為圖像的較明亮的部分比黑暗的部分或者陰影部分發(fā)射的電子更多,所以產(chǎn)生的電子圖像隨正電荷的變化強度,使正在描述的熒幕上的光強度成倍增強。There are those who insist that the era of a puter terminal on every desk is just around the corner, while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give way to puterized :在翻譯there be句型中的定語從句時,常用此方法。四、斷開法當(dāng)前置或后置都要影響上下文連貫時,可以將其放在主句中間,用破折號或括號等將其與主句斷開。同位語從句翻譯方法英語的同位語從句是用以解釋說明前面某一名詞的內(nèi)容的,也就是將這一名詞的含義具體化,其地位和此名詞是同等的。同位語從句常用來說明fact, theory, sense, question, conclusion, news, experience, evidence, proof, condition, law, conjecture, doubt等詞的具體含義。如:Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.(2000年)結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Furthermore, it is obvious that?, and that?.這是典型的句型It+is+obvious+that ,真正的主語是由連詞and連接的兩個并列的主語從句: the strength is?bound with?, that this?rests upon the efforts?.第一個主語從句中的詞組be bound up with是與?有關(guān)聯(lián)之意;在第二個主語從句中,代詞this指代前文的the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,譯為效率的提高。熟能生巧There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.(1999年)結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是There is no agreement whether?or?.主句是There is no agreement,agreement后面緊跟了由whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句作同位語;在同位語從句中,謂語動詞短語refers to跟了兩個由連詞or連接的并列賓語: concepts peculiar to historical work in general。在第二個賓語中同樣有形容詞詞組appropriate to?of historical inquiry作后置定語修飾the research :所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念,還是指歷史探究中各個具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段,人們對此意見不一。一般來講,可從句翻譯以先譯主句,后譯從句。The advantage of rolling bearing is that they cause less :滾動軸承的優(yōu)點是它產(chǎn)生的摩擦力較小。如果選擇先譯從句,再譯主句,一般可以譯為?原因就在這里,?理由就在這里等。That is why practice is the criterion of truth and whythe standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of :原句表語很長,所以此處采用了緊縮原則。(it)is because?句型中,一般先譯主句,再譯從句,譯成是因為?,這是因為?的緣故,這是由于?的緣故。It is because a conductor carrying is surrounded by a magnetic :這就是因為載流導(dǎo)體周圍有一磁場。如果先譯從句,后譯主句,通常譯為?就是這個道理,?就是這個意思等。參考譯文:這就是我們在本文中所討論的內(nèi)容。一、動詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句翻譯時,順序一般不變。二、介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句介詞賓語從句前面的介詞可能和動詞、形容詞或副詞有關(guān)。如:Men differ from brutes in that they can think and :in之后如果跟有賓語從句,常??勺g成原因狀語從句,用因為?,在于?,是因為?等詞譯出。The lift ponent is not vertical except when the relative wind is :英語中的介詞except, but, besides等之后如果跟有賓語從句,常??勺g為并列句的分句,用除?之外,除了?,此外?,只是?,但?等詞譯出。三、直接引語作賓語從句