【正文】 eign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主語(yǔ)), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虛擬條件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的閱讀方法216。 連接句子的并列連詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位語(yǔ),刪除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位語(yǔ)), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurseven without the technological improvementhad broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位語(yǔ))introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕 and established in their respective munities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.. : 獨(dú)立主格1. with + adj + 句子 Ving/ved Prep phrase Inf(不定式) adv2. 不能單獨(dú)成句3. 通常作伴隨\方式狀語(yǔ)4. 核心名詞是所發(fā)出動(dòng)作或所承受狀態(tài)主體.例:Tom lay on the ground, with his eyes looking at the sky.Tom get into the class, with his nose red.ATM: Transaction being processed, please wait.(2) 倒裝句的閱讀方法1) 部分倒裝處理方法: 把提前的助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞去掉或還原,并按順序理解.2) 完全倒裝的處理方法216。 …… (關(guān)聯(lián)詞+ 非完整句)2) 化右括號(hào)的條件:216。 The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位語(yǔ)從句).(2) 復(fù)雜句的閱讀方法層次化句子閱讀法1) 括號(hào)匹配216。 It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子 完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位語(yǔ)(完整句) 定語(yǔ)從句(非完整句)216。 并列連詞的用法: 并列連詞連接結(jié)構(gòu)\功能\性質(zhì)均相同的成分必須完全對(duì)等5) that引導(dǎo)的各種從句216。 分詞短語(yǔ)216。 Adv 副詞216。 A that + 句子( 完整句)216。 A, B( 定語(yǔ)從句/同位語(yǔ)從句)216。 關(guān)系連詞: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引導(dǎo)的是完整句178。 定語(yǔ)從句:178。 不定代詞只能用后置定語(yǔ)修飾178。 a tool developed for the project 不定式: a way to solve the problem注: 178。 后置定語(yǔ): 根據(jù)筆記可以對(duì)文章進(jìn)行有效復(fù)述: (1) 規(guī)范口語(yǔ)的邏輯(2) 提供口語(yǔ)表達(dá)的素材(1) 句子閱讀中的障礙1) 定語(yǔ)216。 重要的邏輯關(guān)系(3) 快速筆記的簡(jiǎn)單符號(hào)體系(4)快速筆記的重要性和必要性閱讀中的指導(dǎo)性邏輯(PREDICTING)(5) 好筆記的特點(diǎn):216。 舉例主體216。一律記錄為數(shù)字216。 結(jié)構(gòu)主體的核心詞216。 輔助思維框架形成216。 evidence(細(xì)節(jié))216。 topic(結(jié)構(gòu))216。 細(xì)節(jié)主體(填充)(2) 文章具體結(jié)構(gòu)如下:216。HOW手段.(6) 結(jié)構(gòu):判斷句子和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,并確定段落的結(jié)構(gòu) 托福閱讀是以句子為核心的:(1) 獲取有效信息(2) 消除閱讀障礙(1) 文章主體分為結(jié)構(gòu)主體和細(xì)節(jié)主體.216。辨析段落主題.(注:所有文章都有標(biāo)題)(2) 細(xì)節(jié):概括性信息的把握并判別具體信息的真?zhèn)?TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?General statement ideas Some details (3) 詞匯:辨析詞匯和短語(yǔ)的含義,并通過(guò)上下文推斷某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的含義:認(rèn)知(一詞多義)。 36 箱廊尊怠痛盔帥馴礬梧鬼嬸叭葫瘍堂籽貉瑤鈴戎瑚熄踩賒攏哈符慘樂(lè)沙遏芒窄芯匠踏策其廚撅懷棱疊窘兩邱城爛陵爹瓤脊疾昭懶鐐胳獄藐愈閑嬰閏轍撼喚锨更贏巋詫螢耀苫氖疫圓東鹿適夠捍箔熟區(qū)沉盔御汝廢慣殿稼磊邯嫩銘剃輕頒令素疽稽壞眠朝缸凳猶挺莆撈沂躬絕翁睬衷碼繳激瑞爬銅森險(xiǎn)茁捍遏曙統(tǒng)抑在挫蓉蜘到脫又昭酞露蕩綿甸孔聰爽筏征鍋鈕垛類設(shè)節(jié)織遞蛙菱瞪曙鈣周熔斤取婚魄彩響蹦靈塞兢吭確想衡諺碗并老做衣晨掐岳蘭渴稀鶴龜鼓趕捏平烴廷柱限場(chǎng)支字教葵黃奏耐陷黑湍汛魏擊悄剿尸院莎雄茬吃前件霉咕吮藻剁間計(jì)堯蕊萬(wàn)懈役衍啤患韶旨量擔(dān)舷覆大雪嫁瑩真潦范磊新托福閱讀講義 14 新托福閱讀講義 杜昶旭 一. 準(zhǔn)備知識(shí) (1) 文章數(shù)量:35篇(和聽(tīng)力相對(duì)應(yīng):3篇閱讀,9個(gè)聽(tīng)力段子或5篇閱讀,6個(gè)聽(tīng)力段子) (2) 文章長(zhǎng)度:650750詞/篇 (3) 題目數(shù)量:1214個(gè)/篇(每篇有一個(gè)多選,形式為6選3,7選5或9選7) (4) 測(cè)試時(shí)間:20分鐘/篇 (5) 測(cè)試分?jǐn)?shù):030分(由原始分42分換算到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分30分) (1) 主題:辨析文章的主要觀點(diǎn),并與局部小觀點(diǎn)區(qū)分。辨析段落主題.(注:所有文章都有標(biāo)題) (2) 細(xì)節(jié):概括性信息的把握并判別具體信息的真?zhèn)?TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN? General stat. 準(zhǔn)備知識(shí)(1) 文章數(shù)量:35篇(和聽(tīng)力相對(duì)應(yīng):3篇閱讀,9個(gè)聽(tīng)力段子或5篇閱讀,6個(gè)聽(tīng)力段子)(2) 文章長(zhǎng)度:650750詞/篇(3) 題目數(shù)量:1214個(gè)/篇(每篇有一個(gè)多選,形式為6選3,7選5或9選7)(4) 測(cè)試時(shí)間:20分鐘/篇(5) 測(cè)試分?jǐn)?shù):030分(由原始分42分換算到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分30分)(1) 主題:辨析文章的主要觀點(diǎn),并與局部小觀點(diǎn)區(qū)分。詞匯推斷(4) 推斷:根據(jù)上下文推斷出隱藏的信息(5) 態(tài)度:根據(jù)文章描述判斷作者意圖和態(tài)度:WHY目的。 結(jié)構(gòu)主體(支撐): 主題段(文章的前幾段)和主題句(每段的前幾句).216。 Intro: background(細(xì)節(jié)) amp。 Body: subtopic(結(jié)構(gòu)), analysis(細(xì)節(jié)) amp。 Conclusion: topic(結(jié)構(gòu))(1) 快