【正文】 hly pact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840’s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the munities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and acpanying social stressconditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first mercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horsedrawn 　trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the pact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of massscale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of singlefamily housing tracts.10 Types of SpeechStandard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situationregardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressionsare well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on theother hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not　considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomaticexpressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words andexpressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Bothcolloquial usage and slang are more mon in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It 　has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society。新東方背誦文選全集 新東方背誦文選全集01 The Language of MusicA painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see　it. A poser writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for theposer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to bee a performer as a medical student needs to bee a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right armtwo entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are alreadythere, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tunethe instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties。 the hammersthat hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts studentconductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how itshould sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds withfanatical but selfless authority.　Technique is of no use unless it is bined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.02 Schooling and EducationIt is monly believed in United States that school is where people go toget an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today childreninterrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more openended and allinclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe ofinformal learning. The agents of education can range from a reveredgrandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to adistinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability,education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with astranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other　religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, i