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nctional relationship between source and target texts Hans J. Vermeer(漢斯 ?弗米爾 ) ? Vermeer(1978). Framework for a General Translation Theory ( a paper) ? Reiss amp。 Vermeer (1984). Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation (a book) ? giving up the sourcetext centered linguistic translation theory altogether ? defining translation as a purposeful human activity that takes place in a given situation ? Skopos theory as the landmark of functional translation Christiane Nord(克里斯蒂安 P108 ? The specific meanings of loyalty ? p109 The loyalty role by Nord ? the supplement to Skopos theory ? repairing the disadvantages and limitation of the skopos rule ? eliminating the translation at random ? avoiding the tendency which regards translation just as target text writing. ? My personal version of the functional approach thus stands on two pillars: function plus loyalty. It is precisely the bination of the two principles that matters, even though there may be cases where they seem to contradict each other. .. Function refers to the factors that make a target text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the sourcetext sender, the targettextaddressees and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable targettext functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients. ? — Christiane Nord 4. Key concepts of Skopos theory ? a maj