【正文】 今后生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展和工藝的改進(jìn)。在單機(jī)控制、多機(jī)群控和自動生產(chǎn)線控制方面都有很多成功的應(yīng)用實(shí)例。PLC中有許多可供用戶使用的定時器，功能類似于繼電器線路中的時間繼電器。同時PLC還提供了高精度的時鐘脈沖，用于準(zhǔn)確實(shí)時控制。PLC為用戶提供許多計(jì)數(shù)器，計(jì)數(shù)器計(jì)數(shù)到某一數(shù)值時，產(chǎn)生一個狀態(tài)信號(計(jì)數(shù)值到)，利用該狀態(tài)信號實(shí)現(xiàn)對某個操作的計(jì)數(shù)控制。 I/O模塊及點(diǎn)數(shù)輸入/輸出接口通常也稱I / O 單元或I / O 模塊，是PLC與工業(yè)生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場之間的連接通道。PLC輸出接口路將中央處理單元送出的弱電控制信號轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)場需要的強(qiáng)電信號輸出，以驅(qū)動電磁閥、接觸器、電機(jī)等被控設(shè)備的執(zhí)行元件。I / O 接口的類型：開關(guān)量輸入/輸出接口模擬量輸入/輸出接口輸入/輸出（I/O）點(diǎn)數(shù)：PLC的I/O點(diǎn)數(shù)是指PLC的I/O接口所能接受的輸入信號個數(shù)和輸出信號個數(shù)的總和。 PLC輸出類型選擇PLC的輸出類型有繼電器和晶體管兩種類型，兩者的工作參數(shù)差別較大，1．繼電器和晶體管輸出工作原理繼電器是一種電子控制器件，它具有控制系統(tǒng)（又稱輸入回路）和被控制系統(tǒng)（又稱輸出回路），通常應(yīng)用于自動控制電路中。晶體管是一種電子元件，它是通過基極電流來控制集電極與發(fā)射極的導(dǎo)通。 2．繼電器與晶體管輸出的主要差別 由于繼電器與晶體管工作原理的不同，導(dǎo)致了兩者的工作參數(shù)存在了較大的差異。繼電器的負(fù)載電流比較大可以達(dá)到2A。（2）響應(yīng)時間不同繼電器響應(yīng)時間比較慢（約10ms20ms），晶體管響應(yīng)時間比較快，Y0、Y1甚至可以達(dá)到10（3）使用壽命不同繼電器由于是機(jī)械元件受到動作次數(shù)的壽命限制，且與負(fù)載容量有關(guān)，隨著負(fù)載容量的增加，觸點(diǎn)壽命幾乎按級數(shù)減少。3．繼電器與晶體管輸出選型原則繼電器型輸出驅(qū)動電流大，響應(yīng)慢，有機(jī)械壽命，適用于驅(qū)動中間繼電器、接觸器的線圈、指示燈等動作頻率不高的場合。在高頻應(yīng)用場合，如果同時需要驅(qū)動大負(fù)載，可以加其他設(shè)備（如中間繼電器，固態(tài)繼電器等）方式驅(qū)動。根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求，故選擇PLC的型號為FX2N64MR001。圖3 2水位控制器電磁閥是用電磁控制的工業(yè)設(shè)備，用在工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)中調(diào)整介質(zhì)的方向、流量、速度和其他的參數(shù)。電磁閥有很多種，不同的電磁閥在控制系統(tǒng)的不同位置發(fā)揮作用，最常用的是單向閥、安全閥方向控制閥、速度調(diào)節(jié)閥等。接觸器由電磁系統(tǒng)（鐵心，靜鐵心，電磁線圈）觸頭系統(tǒng)（常開觸頭和常閉觸頭）和滅弧裝置組成。當(dāng)線圈斷電時，電磁吸力消失，銜鐵在釋放彈簧的作用下釋放，使觸頭復(fù)原：常閉觸頭閉合；常開觸頭斷開。LCD是一種液晶顯示器，其有微功耗，顯示豐富，質(zhì)量高，接口簡單，超薄輕巧等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。綜上所述：使用LED比較合適，因?yàn)榍逑礄C(jī)上的顯示不需要太復(fù)雜，LED使用起來簡單方便又便宜，而LCD的顯示亮度不夠，CTR比較占空間使用不方便。除了能完成接觸和分?jǐn)嚯娐吠?，尚能對電路或電氣設(shè)備發(fā)生的短路．嚴(yán)重過載及欠電壓等進(jìn)行保護(hù)，同時也可以用于不頻繁地啟動電動機(jī)。它具有控制系統(tǒng)（又稱輸入回路）和被控制系統(tǒng)（又稱輸出回路）之間的互動關(guān)系。故在電路中起著自動調(diào)節(jié)、安全保護(hù)、轉(zhuǎn)換電路等作用。因?yàn)楫?dāng)失壓或欠壓時，接觸器線圈電流將消失或減小，失去電磁力或電磁力不足以吸住動鐵心，因而能斷開主觸頭，切斷電源。失壓保護(hù)：就是當(dāng)電源停電或者由于某種原因電源電壓降低過多(欠壓)時，保護(hù)裝置能使電動機(jī)自動從電源上切除。過流保護(hù)：很多電子設(shè)備都有個額定電流，不允許超過額定電流，不然會燒壞設(shè)備。當(dāng)電流超過設(shè)定電流時候，設(shè)備自動斷電，以保護(hù)設(shè)備。因此在線圈的兩端并聯(lián)了電容與電阻串聯(lián)的電路構(gòu)成回路，起到釋放線圈中電流的作用。圖41電氣原理圖 編程軟件編程軟件采用三菱公司為其生產(chǎn)的PLC而設(shè)計(jì)的編程軟件GX Developer 。支持梯形圖、指令表、SFC、 ST及FB、Label語言程序設(shè)計(jì)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)參數(shù)設(shè)定，可進(jìn)行程序的線上更改、監(jiān)控及調(diào)試，具有異地讀寫PLC程序功能,結(jié)構(gòu)化程序的編寫(分部程序設(shè)計(jì))，可制作成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程序, 在其它同類系統(tǒng)中使用。本設(shè)計(jì)課題為基于PLC的啤酒清洗灌裝控制系統(tǒng)，主要研究灌裝過程中啤酒桶的清洗，其實(shí)灌裝不只用到啤酒桶，有的也用瓶裝，但是考慮到大多數(shù)但是用桶裝，所以這里我主要介紹啤酒桶的清洗方式。啤酒桶清洗是一項(xiàng)投入應(yīng)用的設(shè)備，那就要考慮到成本問題。在課題設(shè)計(jì)過程中出現(xiàn)了很多問題，當(dāng)然在處理問題的同時，我也學(xué)到了很多有用的東西。由于時間緊迫，且個人能力有限，雖然總體設(shè)計(jì)要求達(dá)到了，但并沒有進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)仿真。所以，客觀的說，我所設(shè)計(jì)的啤酒清洗灌裝控制系統(tǒng)是簡單片面的，對此，我感覺很遺憾，更加認(rèn)識到自身的不足。我希望在以后的工作中，自己能因地制宜，很好的將所學(xué)的理論知識和實(shí)際相結(jié)合，將自己的工作干好、干精。撇開專業(yè)知識不談，就設(shè)計(jì)所需的軟件工具，有很多我都不會運(yùn)用。我們只有不斷的學(xué)習(xí)新興知識，不斷的充實(shí)自己，才能不被社會所淘汰。本次設(shè)計(jì)對我的專業(yè)知識進(jìn)行了充分的考察，如果有時間和機(jī)會，我希望能繼續(xù)對本系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行深入研究和探索。相信在以后的工作和生活中將使我受益匪淺。 Van Gemert, Paul. Design and implementation of a plc continuous casting control system [R]. New [12]Du Toit, Chris. The design, documentation and maintenance of PLC software [R]. [13] . PLC technique discussion and future development[R] Electronic Test Equipmentprinciples and Applications. Princeton University. America[14]Hill, Peter .Design of medium voltage cables: Cable design in Eastern Electricity PLC and how it has affected installation[R].IEE 附錄A：外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文PLC technique discussion and future developmentFrom:Electronic Test Equipmentprinciples and Applications. Princeton University. AmericaAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the petition plays more more strong。t satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can39。s labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many plicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., welltrained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person39。s machine bine, for resolve the very plicated problem to look for the best pathWe e in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grassroots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only。s address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation。 The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to bee tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and datas, the ROM can can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU putes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer bee the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to e to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy prehended the PLC language, and a lot of non electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people prehend more and easily, in a lot of equipmentses, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept。t is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understa