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this year than that of last year. 今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%?! ?)分?jǐn)?shù)表示法 構(gòu)成:基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母。注意: a. 位于下列形容詞之后: such,what,many,half, I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job. b. 當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時,不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. c. quite,rather與單數(shù)名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,當(dāng)標(biāo)語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞后: Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見到蛇還是發(fā)抖。2) 定冠詞位置 定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之后,名詞之前。冠詞與形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)1) 兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西?!?The black and the white cats are hers. 這只黑貓和白貓都是他的?! ?He raises a black and white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只花貓零冠詞的用法1) 國名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:England,Mary; 2)泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示一類人或事物時,可不用定冠詞; They are teachers. 他們是教師?!?)物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞,當(dāng)表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞; Man cannot live without water. 人離開水就無法生存?!?)在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞; The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵們把這個美國人送到李將軍那里。t write without pen or pencil. 沒有鋼筆和鉛筆,我就寫不了字。 1)特指雙方都明白的人或物: Take the medicine. 把藥吃了。ve been to the house. 他買了幢房子?!?)指世上獨一物二的事物: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元。 the living 生者?! ?That39。ve been looking for. 那正是我要找的東西?!?)用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級、等專有名詞前: the People39?!?0) 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人: the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦) 11) 用在慣用語中: in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre不定冠詞的用法英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作[e],而an則用于元音音素前,一般讀做[en]?! ?A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一類人或物?! ?a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden不同國家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)名稱 總稱(謂語用復(fù)數(shù)) 一個人 兩個人 中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人the an two Australians Australian Australians 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美國人 the Americans an American two Americans印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德國人 the Germans a Germans two Germans英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù),但也有以下例外。 如:sports meeting 運(yùn)動會 students readingroom 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時,其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定?! ?如:goods train (貨車) arms produce 武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式?! ?比較:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 (可數(shù)) b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時,名詞可數(shù)。 Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。2) 抽象名詞有時也可數(shù)?! ∪纾骸 glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一條建議名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1)childchildren footfeet toothteeth mousemice manmen womanwomen 注意:與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 men 和women。2)單復(fù)同形 如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式?!?a meter, two meters 3)集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實為復(fù)數(shù)。 如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的?! ?b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞?! he United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的?! he Arabian Nights is a very interesting storybook. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書?!uit(套)。 two pairs of trousers 6) 另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1) 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時,直接加s變復(fù)數(shù): 如: two Marys the Henrys monkeymonkeys holidayholidays 比較: 層樓:storey storeys storystories 2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時: a. 加s,如: photophotos pianopianos radioradios zoozoos; b. 加es,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes c. 均可,如:zerozeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時: a. 加s,如: beliefbeliefs roofroofs safesafes gulfgulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:halfhalves knifeknives leafleaves wolfwolves wifewives lifelives thiefthieves; c. 均可,如: handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves名詞名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns),專有名詞是某個(些)人,地方,機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱,如Beijing,China等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類: 1)個體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類人或東西中的個體,如:gun?!?3)物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns):表示無法分為個體的實物,如:air。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算,稱為可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算,稱為不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns)。2) 謂語動詞后不定式與動名詞的選擇謂語動詞后接不定式還是接動名詞也是三級語法測試中的一個題眼。t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying makingC. your delaying to make D. you delay to make② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed③ Your hair wants ______ . You39。如:① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city39。(2)對固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查,如:① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory. A. to be based on B. to base onC. which to base on D. on which to base ② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A. to pete B. peting C. to be peted D. having peted①題為不定式做定語的固定形式,答案為D,②題為某些特定名詞的定語結(jié)構(gòu),答案為A。4) 做狀語的非謂語動詞的選擇做狀語的非謂語動詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇,如:① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus wouldfall off the edge of the earth. A. Having believed B. BelievingC. Believed D. Being