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t東→eastern東方的 child孩子→childish孩子氣的 snow雪→snowy雪的 (4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有l(wèi)y (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度),ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。 an用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前,如:an apple, an hour. 請區(qū)別:a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”。 :The mother took the little girl in the hand and patted her on the ,輕輕地拍著她的頭。the first, the best , in the south。如:the Browns。如:in summer, in August (2)一日三餐和球類運(yùn)動名不用冠詞。 (三)名詞重點(diǎn)舉要 1)由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 men 和women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。 如:a dollar, two dollars。 3)以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。 2. 復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成 1) 通常把s加在復(fù)合名詞的中心詞上 Brotherinlawbrothersinlaw(堂兄弟們、連襟們)、editor in chiefeditors in chief(主編們) 2)將復(fù)合名詞的后一個(gè)詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) Boyfriendboyfriends、toothbrushtoothbrushes(牙刷) 3)兩個(gè)部分都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù),尤其是指性別時(shí) Man doctormen doctors woman teacherwomen teachers man writer—men writers 3 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。s來表示所有關(guān)系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher39。the boy39。s room 男廁所,the children39。若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s ,只加 39。 struggle 工人的斗爭。s,則表示分別有;只有一個(gè)39。共有39。s and Mary39。s room(一間) (四)連詞重點(diǎn)用法 :and, both…and…, not only… but also…和neither…nor… 1)and的特別用法: 祈使句后連接and,有條件句作用,此時(shí)and=if you…,you’ll… Go straight on, and you’ll see the library.==If you go straight on, you will see the library. 2)both…and…既…也…,(兩者)都… A、both…and…謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。 Both my father and my mother aren’t 。Neither I nor he has seen the play before. 4)not only…but also…:不但…而且… not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)主語后的謂語動詞也遵循就近原則。 Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shorting. Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train. He was very tired, still he kept on walking. Your position is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement. Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy. :or, either…or…,whether… or…等。 Is your friend English or American? American. He doesn’t like dumplings or noodles. B:特別用法 祁使句后連接or ,表 “如果…,否則…”,有轉(zhuǎn)折的意思,此時(shí) or =if you don’t …,you’ll … Hurry up, or you’ll be late.=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. 2)either…or…:或者…或者…。 Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English? B. 由either…or…引導(dǎo)的否定句是完全否定。 He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. It was late, so I went home. :before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as After they had planted their crops, they took a rest. We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us. As soon as he gets to Beijing, he’ll call me. 1) as 表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”,引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)性動作,多用于主從句動作同時(shí)發(fā)生,強(qiáng)調(diào)“一邊……一邊”。 Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子們回來)Mr. Green didn’t go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子們回來才睡覺) 6. 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有:if(如果), unless(除非,如果……不)等。 because“因?yàn)椤闭Z氣最強(qiáng),回答why提問時(shí)只能用because,其引導(dǎo)的從句可放在句首或句末;as“由于”、since“既然”語氣不如because強(qiáng),引導(dǎo)的從句常置于句首;for是并列連詞,語氣最弱,對前面分句加以解釋或補(bǔ)充說明,其引導(dǎo)的分句常置于句末且用逗號隔開。 :although/though(雖然,盡管), even though/if (即使) Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich. Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn’t help him. 注意:although/though 引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but連用,但可與yet, still連用。 The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly. :so that(結(jié)果是)和so/such…that…(如此…以至于)等。 I know you better than she does. He works as carefully as she. I can’t run as/so fast as you. 注意:在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中,如果主句是將來時(shí),從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。 2)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。例如:something nice. 大部分形容詞加ly可構(gòu)成副詞。 1)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。 2)有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。 4.形容詞與副詞的比較級 常見的雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)詞,在前面加more,most來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級 important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as 1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。 2)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時(shí),放在as的前面。 Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房間和我的一樣大。例如: This bridge is three times as long as that one. 這座橋的長度是那座的三倍。 Your room is twice the size of mine. little, rather, much, far, many,等 Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai. 如果后接名詞時(shí),much more +不可數(shù)名詞,many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如: The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。例如: It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 這是個(gè)很重要的問題。 注意:最高級的意義有時(shí)可以用比較級表示出來。 Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 馬克是班上最聰明的。例如: The harder you work,the greater progress you39。 (六)數(shù)詞用法舉要 1)倍數(shù)表示法 a. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))+ as + adj. + as。b. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ the size (amount,length…) of…。 c. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級+ than…。 2)分?jǐn)?shù)表示法的構(gòu)成:基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母。例如: 1/3 onethird; 3/37 three and threesevenths. 三、時(shí)態(tài) 一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作,常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動。 3)表示格言或警句。 注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。t want so much. 我不要那么多。 二、一般過去時(shí) 1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如: Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了? 2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth 到……時(shí)間了 該……了 例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示39。 例如:I39。 三、一般將來時(shí)1)shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎? 2)be going to +不定式,表示將來。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。這出戲下月開播。 例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云,快要下雨了。例如: We are to discuss the report next 。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。 2)在時(shí)間或條件句中。 I39。 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來 下列動詞e, go, arrive, leave等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來: I39。 四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) a. 表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。 b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作,說話時(shí)動作未必正在進(jìn)行。(說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。例如: The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。s getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。例如: You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。 They were expecting you 。如: . I was taking a walk when I met ,突然遇見了他。 六、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)1)表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動作,或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情。ll be ing soon. 她會很快來的。