【正文】 tylene and isotactic radical vinyl polymerization can only give branched polyethylene, and propylene won39。rieure 19551959, research engineer at the Atomic Energy Center. 1961, assistant professor in Orsay and soon started the Orsay group on supraconductors. 1968, switched to liquid crystals. 1971, became Professor at the Coll232。s volume contains all the important works of de Gennes which have made a lasting impact on our understanding of condensed matter, and serves as an essential reference book for all condensed matter physicists and physical chemists. It also bears testimony to the genius of a remarkable man, and should be a source of inspiration for aspiring scientists around the world This volume of collected works of PierreGilles de Gennes will be a valuable and stimulating source for many years to e for younger readers and for beginners in the subfields of condensed matter covered in this volume, as well as a useful and pact reference book for all workers in the field. Helmut R Brand Advanced Materials, 1993 A few of the judges on the Nobel mittee described Gennes as the Isaac Newton of our time in having successfully applied mathematics to generalized explanations of several different physical phenomena. “當(dāng)代牛頓” 被譽為 1991 Nobel Prize in Physics For discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more plex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers Hideki Shirakawa（白川英樹 ） (Japanese， 1936～ ) 5. 1936. Aug. 20 , born in Tokyo 1961, graduated from the Tokyo Institute of Technology with a degree in chemical engineering 1966, received his doctorate in engineering. 1976, went to the University of Pennsylvania in the United States as a 1982, he became a professor of the faculty of the University of Tsukuba. Organic Chemist , he was appointed professor emeritus. researcher How can plastic bee conductive? Plastics are polymers, molecules that form long chains, repeating themselves like pearls in a necklace. In being electrically conductive, a polymer has to imitate a metal, that is, its electrons need to be free to move and not bound to the atoms. The first condition for this is that the polymer consists of alternating single and double bonds, called conjugated double bonds. However, it is not enough to have conjugated double bonds. To bee electrically conductive, the plastic has to be disturbed either by removing electrons from (oxidation), or inserting them into (reduction), the material. The process is known as doping. What Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa found was that a thin film of polyacetylene could be oxidized with iodine vapor, increasing its electrical conductivity a billion times. This sensational finding was the result of their impressive work, but also of coincidences and accidental circumstances. 白川英樹教授對 “ 發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)電聚合物 ” 的主要貢獻(xiàn)在于他首次合成出了高性能的膜狀聚乙炔。 The Society of Polymer Science, Japan (1983) The Society of Polymer Science, Japan (2022) The Order of Culture from Japanese Government(2022) awards 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Alan J. Heeger and Alan G. MacDiarmid for the discovery and development of conductive polymers Ryoji Noyori （野依良治 ） (Japanese， 1938～ ) 6. Organic Chemist . , born in Kobe,Japan. 1961, graduated from the Kyoto University, Faculty of Engineering. 19691970, went to Harvard University as a postdoctoral associate. 1972, appointed Professor at Nagoya University, and assumed his current positions in 2022. Ryoji Noyori and his research group designed and synthesized chiral pounds such as diphosphinebinapthyl or BINAP which, when plexed with transition metals, form chiral hydrogenation catalysts. The BINAPruthenium(II) plex was used to produce the antiinflammatory agent naproxen in high enantiometric purity and in very high yield. For this important work, Ryoji Noyori shared onehalf of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2022) with William S. Knowles for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions. The other half was awarded to K. Barry Sharpless. The Laureates have opened up a pletely new field of research in which it is possible to synthesise molecules and material with new properties. Today the results of their basic research are being used in a number of industrial syntheses of pharmaceutical products such as antibiotics, antiinflammatory drugs, and heart medicines. 野依良治在威廉 這些催化劑用于氫化反應(yīng)，能使反應(yīng)過程更經(jīng)濟(jì)，同時大大減少產(chǎn)生的有害廢棄物，有利于環(huán)境保護(hù)。目前，很多化學(xué)制品、藥物和新材料的制造，都得益于野依良治的研究。 50年代開始研究聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚已內(nèi)酰胺。對耐高溫雜環(huán)高分子的合成及性能進(jìn)行了較廣泛研究，并在應(yīng)用方面作了許多開拓工作。在烴類化學(xué)方面也做過許多研究。 錢人元 （ ） Chemist 2. . 19, he was born in Changshu , Jiangsu province. 1939, graduated from the Chemistry Department of Zhejiang University. 1943, went to the United States to take postgraduate studies mainly in the University of Wisconsin. 1948, associated with Xiamen University and Zhejiang University as professor in physical chemistry. 1951, he joined the Chinese Academy of Sciences as research professor in the institute of Physical Chemistry,Institute of Applied Chemistry and then the Institute of Organic Chemistry at Shanghai, where he started his research career in the physics and physical chemis