英國(guó)國(guó)家概況(三)(中英文版)-在線瀏覽
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【正文】 ses were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a mon law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordealbased trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishop39。s court. 亨利二世大大加強(qiáng)了王家法院，擴(kuò)展了其司法工作的職權(quán)范圍。案件更多地由巡回法官審理，并不偏不倚地使用法律。另外，他用陪審員制度代替了舊的殘酷的審判制度。 II． Contents and the significance of the Great Charter 《大憲章》的內(nèi)容及意義 Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixtythree clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council。 (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections?！洞髴椪隆房偣?63條，其中最重要的內(nèi)容是： (1) 未經(jīng)大議會(huì)同意，不得征稅； (2) 只有根據(jù)國(guó)家有關(guān)法律才能逮捕、監(jiān)禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)； (3)教會(huì)應(yīng)享受其所有權(quán)利且有選舉自由；（ 4） 倫敦和其它城鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)保留其古時(shí)的權(quán)力和特權(quán)； (5) 全國(guó)要使用統(tǒng)一的重量和長(zhǎng)度度量衡?！洞髴椪隆返木袷窍拗茋?guó)王權(quán)力，使其在英國(guó)封 建法律允許的范圍內(nèi)活動(dòng)。 1265 年，西門 德孟福爾召開(kāi)大議會(huì)，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加。其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒(méi)有選舉和政黨。 IV． The Hundred Years39。 War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England39。s being
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