【正文】
一團(tuán)”,有時(shí)可以與a piece of 通用。如:an article of clothing一件衣服a mass of , masses of 這是兩個(gè)量詞詞組,兩者后面可接可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,但用法不同。如:a mass of sand 一堆沙子masses of 表示“一堆堆,成堆……”之意。at the point of 表示“正要……之際,就要……之時(shí)”,后面常接動(dòng)名詞或名詞,與on the point of 用法相同。be about to do sth“剛要,行將”,后面接不定式,表示最近的將來(lái),不和具體的時(shí)間或短語(yǔ)連用。around, round, about 這三個(gè)詞都可用作副詞或介詞,表示“在周圍、環(huán)繞、大約”,但用法不同。如:We sat around the table.我們圍著桌子坐。在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中常用around 代替round。about 它的概念比較模糊,英國(guó)有時(shí)用round代替about。bring 表示把人或物從別處帶到說(shuō)話人所在的地方,強(qiáng)調(diào)方向。take 指把人或物從說(shuō)話人的地方帶到別的地方去。如:Don’t forget to take your bag when you go.走的時(shí)候別忘了拿上你的袋子。如:Could you fetch me a clean shirt from my bedroom?你能替我從寢室里拿一件干凈的襯衫來(lái)嗎?carry 不表示動(dòng)作的方向,一般指把重的東西搬走或隨身攜帶某物。如:I carried the books in a story paper bag.我把這些書放在厚紙袋里提著。be content to do “滿足于做……,甘心地做……,知足于做…..”如:John seems content to sit in front of the television all night.看來(lái)約翰整晚坐在電視機(jī)前已感心滿意足。如:Are you content with your work?你對(duì)你的工作滿意嗎?be satisfied with 表示欲望獲得滿足的狀態(tài),“對(duì)……感到滿意”。be afraid of sth./sb., be afraid to do sth. , be afraid of doing sth., be afraid for sth.afraid 作為形容詞表示“害怕”之意,但由于所接的詞及其結(jié)構(gòu)不同,含義也不同。如:Don’t be afraid of the dog.不要怕那只狗。如:I was afraid to go out fo the house at night.我怕夜間到屋外去。如:I didn’t tell her because /was afraid of upsetting her.我不敢告訴好,是怕她聽了心煩。如:He was afraid for his job.他怕丟了那份工作。be worried about sth./sb. 是一個(gè)形容詞詞組,必須與be 動(dòng)詞,系動(dòng)詞連用。worry about sth./sb. 是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞組,無(wú)須在與be 動(dòng)詞連用。break down , break up二者均有“分解”,“分開”“衰弱”之意,當(dāng)二者表示“拆散”解時(shí),可以通用。break down 除了有以上含義之外,還有破壞,停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 另外也可指人身體出毛病。The car broke down. 汽車壞了。break up 除了有以上的含義之外,更側(cè)重指“(關(guān)系)破壞”;“結(jié)束”,另外也可指精神上的頹喪,垮下去。The police broke up the fight.警察制止了斗毆。be to , be about to , be going to 以上三者均表示“即將”“就要發(fā)生”但在具體語(yǔ)境中仍有不同。如:He is to meet his father at the station.他將要在車站接他的父親。另外, 它常用于be about to do …when…結(jié)構(gòu)中。不能說(shuō): He is about to go tomorrow. 應(yīng)把tomorrow 去掉。be going to …表示將要做某事時(shí),指主語(yǔ)“按計(jì)劃,打算,安排做的事”,這時(shí),主語(yǔ)只能是人。另外,主語(yǔ)是事物時(shí),它表示說(shuō)話人根據(jù)某種跡象重現(xiàn)推測(cè)可能發(fā)生的事。be in love with ,fall in love with二者無(wú)有“戀愛”之意,但仍有不同。The young pair are in love with each other 這對(duì)年輕人在戀愛。They fell in love at once 他們很快就相愛了。seat (v ) 表示“使座,幫助 坐”,經(jīng)常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),即表示處于坐的狀態(tài),此時(shí)與sitting通用。I glanced at the man seated next to me (=I glanced at the man who was sitting next to me )我看了一下坐在我旁邊的那男人。另外,seat還可表示“容納”,“坐得下……人”,“使……坐”。He seated himself at a desk 他在桌子邊坐了下來(lái)。sit指就坐的動(dòng)作。beat, defeat, win三者都有“獲勝、取勝”的意思,但所接的賓語(yǔ)不同。如:She beat me at tennis.她打網(wǎng)球贏了我。如:After a long campaign, the Duke of Willington’s army defeated Napoleon.經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的戰(zhàn)役,威靈頓公爵的軍隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)勝了拿破侖。如:He won the race.他在賽跑中獲勝了。beat指“連續(xù)地打擊”。hit指“打擊一次”,“擊中”。strike 與hit 同義,強(qiáng)調(diào)“打一下”,“擊中”。be plete, be pleted 二者均有“完成的”,“完整的”,“速成”的意思,但有所不同。如:Is this pack of cards plete?這副牌全嗎?be pleted 為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)“完成,建成”,“結(jié)束”。be done 表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是人。get done構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),常用于非正式文體,不與by sb連用,但可與by sth連用。He got caught in the rain 他挨雨澆了。be known as意為“作為 知名”,“補(bǔ)稱作是”后接“身份”名詞。類似的詞組還有be famous as .。如:One can be known by his words and deeds 憑一個(gè)人的言行, 就可知此人。如:The city is known for its beautiful scenery 這個(gè)城市以風(fēng)景優(yōu)美而聞名。相似的詞組還有be famous for 。如:He’s known to the police as a crime. 他是警察所熟知的罪犯。be late for是一個(gè)常用詞語(yǔ),表示“遲于規(guī)定的時(shí)間做某事”。注:當(dāng)be late for為此意時(shí)與e late to相似,但e late to強(qiáng)調(diào)來(lái)晚的動(dòng)作。be late in常用于be late in doing的形式,表示“做某事遲到了或做遲了”。be worth doing sth ,be worthy to be done, be worthy of sth 三者均有“值得”,但其結(jié)構(gòu)有所不同。如:The book is well worth reading 這本書很值得一讀。be worthy to be done中worthy也常用作表語(yǔ),在此結(jié)構(gòu)中也表示“值得”。be worthy后面除了接不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)外,還可按介詞of,或be worthy of sth /be worthy of being done結(jié)構(gòu)。beat, defeat, win, gain二者均有“打敗”“獲勝”“羸得”之意,但用法有所有同。但它們經(jīng)常補(bǔ)人們替換使用。例如:She beat me at tennis 她打網(wǎng)球贏了我。win和gain是一組同義詞。另外win也可作為不及物動(dòng)詞。gain表示獲得需要之物, 它常跟的賓語(yǔ)有:knowledge, attention, respect, admiration , time experience, strength等。如:You shall gain experience through practice 你們將通過(guò)實(shí)踐獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)。because of ,owing to , thanks to 三者均為短語(yǔ)介詞,后接單詞或短語(yǔ)。如:I came back because of rain.因?yàn)橄掠?,我回?lái)了。如:Our flight was delayed, owing to the bad weather.由于壞天氣,我們的班機(jī)給耽擱了。如:It was thanks to your stupidity that we last the game.我們輸?shù)舯荣愂怯捎谀愕挠薮?。be struck by 側(cè)重表示“被打動(dòng)”,“被感染”。be attracted by 常表示“被吸引”(贊興趣、感情等)。beat, hit, strike, tap四者都有“擊打”之意, 但含義仍有所不同。另外也指心臟的“跳動(dòng)”。The rain was beating against the windows 雨正敲打著窗戶。hit指“打中”或“對(duì)準(zhǔn)……打”著重敲打或打擊對(duì)方某一點(diǎn)。如:He hit me in the stomach 他打我的肚子。strike通常表示打一下,打若干等意思,不一定都是有意的,用法比較正式,并且尤指“敲鐘”,“報(bào)時(shí)”。The clock struck five 時(shí)鐘敲五點(diǎn)。如:She tapped her feet in time to the music 她用肢合著音樂輕輕地打拍子。blame, be to blame blame (v )意為“責(zé)怪”,“怪罪”。be to blame意為“該受責(zé)備,應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)”是一個(gè)同固定短語(yǔ),但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中, 很能多學(xué)生容易把它當(dāng)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),那就錯(cuò)了。The children were not to blame for the accident 那交事故怪不著孩子們。 bored意為“厭煩的”,“不感興趣的”,通常是指某人對(duì)某事感到厭煩。boring意為“無(wú)趣的、無(wú)聊的、令人生厭的”,通常指某件物或事情給人的感覺。by day, by the day這兩詞都與day有關(guān),但并不是同義詞。如:He works in an office by day and drives a taxi by night 他白天在辦公室工作,晚上開計(jì)程車。be likely, possible, probable三者均是形容詞,表示“可能性”,但意思分寸有別。既可用人也可用物做主語(yǔ)。如:He is likely to arrive a bit late 他可能會(huì)晚一會(huì)到。常用于:It is possible to do sth , It is possible for sb to do sth , It is possible that 句型中。It’s possible for him to attend the meeting 他可能會(huì)參加會(huì)議。它也不能用人做主語(yǔ)。如:It is highly probable that there will be an election this year 非??赡芙衲暌e行大選。day by day (from day to day) 表示動(dòng)作的變化性。day after day (=day in day out) 表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)性。but for , without , except forbut for表示“若不是, 要不是”之意,等 于if it were not for , if it hadn’t been for 。此時(shí)可與without互換。We couldn’t have done it without John 如果沒有約翰,我們本來(lái)是辦不成這事的。( “bus”與“l(fā)ady”非同類)catch, seize, get hold of , snatch四者均表示“捉……”之意,但有區(qū)別。如:The cat caught a mouse. 捕捉到了一只老鼠。如:He seized my hand, shook it ,and said how glad he was to see me.他抓住我的手握著,說(shuō)他見到我有多高興。如:I got hold of it in both hands and lifted onto the table.我兩手抓住它,把它舉到了桌子上。connect…with, join…to ,unite, bine以上四詞都有“結(jié)合,連結(jié)”之意。connect….with指兩地或兩物的具體“相連”,也可指時(shí)間,內(nèi)容等到抽象概念的相互“銜接”。join…to “把……和……連接起來(lái)(直接地連接)如:Please join this wire to that one .請(qǐng)把這根線和那根線連接起來(lái)。如:The two panies plan to unite.兩家公司打算合并。如:The countries bined again