【正文】 sfunctional teams from both firms strive to eliminate defects. Rather than always going for the low bid, carmakers now look at the total cost of a ponent, including potential interruptions to production and, further down the line, customer warranty claims if quality is not up to scratch. By and large, the relationships between the OEMs and the tierone suppliers run smoothly. When problems do crop up, it is usually with the tiertwo and tierthree firms. A senior purchasing executive at one carmaker says that consolidation, the need to trim capacity and the shock to demand that began in mid2008 have put the weaker parts of the supply chain under great strain: “Some of these are quite fragile businesses. There’s a need for visibility, but we don’t always have it. If something goes wrong, we need transparency and speed of munication to make sure it doesn’t get to the customer.”A consequence of Toyota’s breakneck expansion was that it became increasingly dependent on suppliers outside Japan with whom it did not have decades of working experience. Nor did Toyota have enough of the senior engineers, known as sensei, to keep an eye on how new suppliers were shaping up. Yet Toyota not only continued to trust in its solesourcing approach, it went even further, gaining unprecedented economies of scale by using single suppliers for entire ranges of its cars across multiple markets. A senior executive at a big tierone supplier argues that although Toyota’s singlesupplier philosophy served it well in the past, it took it to potentially risky extremes, especially when bined with highly centralised decisionmaking in Japan. “There’s a tradeoff,” he says. “If you don’t want duplication of supply you have to have very close monitoring, you have to listen to your supply base and you have to have transparency. That means delegating to local managers. With Toyota, it works well at the shopfloor level, but things break down higher up.”In the aftermath of Toyota’s crisis, the industry is now asking itself whether solesourcing has gone too far. “It may be safer not to have all your eggs in one basket, but to have maybe three suppliers for major ponents who can benchmark each other,” says another purchasing manager. Until very recently, Toyota was the peerless exemplar. For now, at least, it is seen as an awful warning.29. Which of the following best defines “l(fā)ean production system”?A. The production system is less wasteful and more efficient.B. The production system is not duplicated.C. The production depends solely on one big supplier.D. All of the above.30. According to James Womack, which of the following was discovered to be the cause of Toyota’s crysis?A. It lacks close monitoring.B. It is driven by its goals of expansion.C. It is selfplacent. D. It depends on one supplier.31. When did Toyota vehicle recall begin to alarm its leaders?A. 2010B. 2002C. 2009D. 200532. With respect to the crisis, what are the advantages of Toyota’s supplychain management?A. More efficient in time.B. More secured in quality. a net of trust and safety.D. More money saving.33. What is the possible meaning of “trade off” in the penultimate paragraph?A. Buy and sell. B. Sell away.C. Exchange.D. A balance between two opposing things.Section B Business Writing 20% (20 minutes)You are Michael Leung. You bought 2010 Camry three weeks ago from Toyota, and now you found your car was in the recall list. So write a plaint letter to Toyota and tell the person concerned this:1) Describe to him the item you bought.2) Tell him what’s wrong and what troubles this recall has brought to you.3) Say what you want done to remedy the situation, for example, a refund or repair, or a temporary car. Write 100120 words.Write on your Answer Sheet.Module IIIBusiness Knowledge and Translation 25% (30 minutes)Section A 10%Directions: Translate the following business terminologies into Chinese and briefly define the terms in English.1. FOB (shipping)Translation Definition: 2. Direct investmentTranslation Definition 3. L/CTranslation Definition 4. Dumping Translation Definition 5. DividendsTranslation Definition Section B 15%Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write the English version on the Answer Sheet.中國官方統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，%，%有所擴大。高等學校商務英語專業(yè)四級樣題答案Module I Section OneCBACASection Two6. the biggest rise 7. Government39。t find a fulltime job and they didn39。t find fulltime work or a place in further study.12. It39。90s and the early 39。s rail at the port of Investment 2. 直接投資Investment in which a resident of one country obtains a lasting interest in, and a degree of influence over, the m