【正文】 鎮(zhèn)咳藥[,230。t?siv]　　ammonium chloride 氯化銨[?39。kl?:raid]氯化物　　ambroxol 氨溴索 （mucosolvan 沐舒坦）Pantoloc潘妥洛克　　常用的治療措施　　low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae[39。njuli:]鼻導(dǎo)管， Venturi[ven39。nebjulaiz?]噴霧器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial deposition　　metered dose inhaler (MDI)定量霧化吸入器　　continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)tightfitting mask (noninvasive)　　intermittent positivepressure ventilation ( IPPV)　　noninvasive positivepressure ventilation (NIPPV)　　mechanical ventilation: noninvasive or invasive　　(via intubation[,intju:39。ki39。ki39。tesis]　　chest drain/drainage 引流術(shù)　　chemotherapy 化療　　radiation therapy 放療　　pneumonectomy 肺切除術(shù)[,nju:m?u39。bekt?mi]葉切除術(shù)　　thoracotomy 開胸術(shù)，胸廓切開術(shù)[,θ?:r?39。sistik]囊性的/varicose[39。rik?us]曲張樣/cyclindrical柱狀tramtracks軌道樣　　hemoptysis　　physiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh headdown postural[39?！　n the supine [ 39。r?pt??]破裂　　lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy [br??39。eipeks]尖端 shift contralaterally對立的旁邊　　CXR: translucency [tr230。lju:s?nsi] 半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim邊緣 between lung and chest wall＞2 cm(centimeter) =＞50% lung volume loss　　aspiration [,230。rei??n]吸引術(shù)，intercostal drain　　refractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定術(shù), pleurectomy[plu39。bul?] 大皰 stapling裝訂 or lasering激光　　pleural effusion　　chest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breath　　Transudate[,tr230。deit]漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics[,daiju?39。li:t?]) or pleura: serum[39。　　often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia[,haip?u230。ni:mi?]低蛋白血癥, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . [,haip?u39。eksjudeit]滲出液：capillary permeability[,p?:mi?39。pleizi?, ?i?]瘤形成, surgery or trauma.　　CXR: meniscus[mi39。k39。t?:bid]渾濁的, green: indicates exudates(pus[p?s]膿cells) or empyema[,empai39。θ?:r230。p230。taitis]胰腺炎, trauma　　white( chylothorax[,kail?u39。ks]乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic[θ?:39。sik,] duct胸導(dǎo)管, usually due to tumour　　Therapy: transudate: diuretics　　exudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)　　intrathoracic[,intr?θ?39。sik]胸廓內(nèi)的 streptokinase[,strept?u39。faibrin?s] 纖維蛋白的 adhesions[?d39。saiklain]四環(huán)素. bleomycin[,bli:?u39。rin39。p?:lzi]麻痹　　dysphagia[dis39。stelit, leit] 星形的ganglion[39。?ɡli?n]神經(jīng)節(jié) resulting in Horner syndrome　　hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy[,?sti?uɑ:39。 conjunctival edema, [,k?nd???k39。pleθ?r?], vein dilation, pericardial tamponade[,t230。neid]心包 填塞( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HS　　paraneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s。 PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma),　　skin（dermatomyositis）　　immunopromised . shingles 帶狀皰疹　　squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTHrp secretion)　　adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, glandlike and mucinsecretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable state　　small cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes mon　　bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , . fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputum　　NSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapy　　SCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)　　secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/headneck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sara), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.　　obstructive sleep apnoea　　obstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertension　　Causes: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum。 macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s。 taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）　　docetaxel多西他賽（泰素帝）　　常見的抗生素　　betalactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesis　　penicillin skin test　　amoxicillin 阿莫西林　　piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦鈉　　ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉維酸鉀　　cephamycin 頭孢菌素類　　cefradine 頭孢拉啶　　cefaclor 頭孢克洛　　cefoperazone/sulbactam 頭孢哌酮/舒巴坦　　ceftriaxone 頭孢曲松　　cefpiramide 頭孢吡啶　　ceftazidime 頭孢他定　　ceftizoxime 頭孢唑污　　carbopenems 碳青霉烯類　　azactam 氨曲南　　meropenem 美羅培南　　imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亞胺培南/西司他丁鈉 （泰能 tienam）　　Glycopeptides 糖肽類 inhibit cell wall assembly　　vanycin 萬古霉素　　norvanycin 去甲萬古霉素　　teicoplanin 替考拉林　　Macrolides大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類： inhibit protein synthesis　　roxithromycin 羅紅霉素　　clarithromycin 克拉霉素　　azithromycin 阿奇霉素　　erythromycin 紅霉素　　Aminoglycoside antibiotics