【正文】 高溫高壓的環(huán)境，因?yàn)殂@石只能在這種情況下產(chǎn)生。說根據(jù)隕石里面的材料來判定地核的材料。有一道題目問地核的構(gòu)成物質(zhì)最多是什么，有iron, silicon（硅）,還有兩個(gè)忘記了。首先說了沙漠最大的問題就是缺水，如何適應(yīng)這種缺水環(huán)境就是各種動(dòng)植物存活的關(guān)鍵。然后，另起一段將動(dòng)物是如何適應(yīng)的：產(chǎn)生高鹽度的尿液，調(diào)整呼吸，等等。 system1生物學(xué)： 植物的defense system，以及科學(xué)家為證實(shí) defense system對(duì)于 deter animal feeding on them有很大的用處。8. Modificationof weather2 modification of weather多年來人們一直努力改變天氣。后來 1946 年，有個(gè)員工發(fā)現(xiàn)干冰能讓 supercooled water beesnow supercool 下了定義就是低于零度但是還沒有結(jié)冰。其原理就是 dry ice makes the moisture freeze into ice particles and thesurrounding moisture freeze around 。這種 cloud seeding 辦法繼續(xù)發(fā)展，用別的物質(zhì)替代干冰。1．關(guān)于一個(gè)叫 smith的人，小的時(shí)候就喜歡收集石頭,長(zhǎng)大后開始研究巖石層，在采石場(chǎng)的工作，他有大量的機(jī)會(huì)去研究 rock and fossil，后來還提出了一套理論，現(xiàn) fossil更能提供時(shí)間的準(zhǔn)確信息，后來，他和另一個(gè)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)物的區(qū)系可以幫助確認(rèn)化石的年代，說這些理論至今都還有用后來，有人認(rèn)為植物的分科也可以用于化石和巖石的研究。北美的原著民用不危害自然的方法進(jìn)行砍伐樹木，種植，狩獵。后來英國(guó)殖民者進(jìn)入，發(fā)現(xiàn)大片的土地空閑著，他們覺得浪費(fèi)就開始修了一堆的東西。他們居住的地方都接近河流，為的是方便 shipment andtravel (這里有題)。一道詞匯題Mastery=control11. bird song鳥類鳴唱雖然鳥類都會(huì)唱歌，但它們唱歌的旋律、調(diào)調(diào)是各有差異的。Chaffinch和北美的white X crow（X可能=necked，winged，billed等）的幼鳥是如何學(xué)會(huì)唱歌的。在三個(gè)月以后，到雄性該求愛時(shí)放回自然，聽它的song是怎樣的。這就證明了chaffinch先天就有唱歌的本領(lǐng)的。在剛開始的3個(gè)月，還沒有形成自己的歌聲前，給小鳥聽其它鳥唱歌的磁帶recording。此研究顯示：它的dialect不是由基因決定，而是與環(huán)境有很大關(guān)系。說明后天學(xué)習(xí)也有時(shí)間限制。說這種鳥如果不讓它們聽到自己的聲音，它們就只能形成破碎的音節(jié)而已，連不成歌。單詞題：ultimately, reinforce, proliferate/proliferation, superb, optimal, blur。但是遇到了一些obstacle: fund不夠。在美國(guó)，telegraph system掌控在私人企業(yè)手里（私有化的private），很多私人商務(wù)行為都用電報(bào)來聯(lián)系。在19世紀(jì)，電報(bào)被納入政府監(jiān)管under governmentregulation。電報(bào)在歐洲的發(fā)展史：當(dāng)時(shí)很多歐洲國(guó)家擔(dān)心電報(bào)會(huì)使情報(bào)外流，就在猶豫要不要立法來規(guī)范電報(bào)行為。電報(bào)需要建立 net，這為后來的網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建立提供了很多思路，所以說telegraph是非常revolutionary invention。電報(bào)只產(chǎn)生了little change（這點(diǎn)在后面也有考到）。教授說早期對(duì)人類大腦的研究集中在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞neuron，讓一男生起來回答上節(jié)課的主要內(nèi)容，男生說生物電生物電bioelectricity通過神經(jīng)細(xì)胞傳導(dǎo)，通過兩個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的接觸點(diǎn)傳到下一個(gè)細(xì)胞，有趣的是。神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽視了，人們認(rèn)為膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞只有支持神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的作用。于是總共有三種傳導(dǎo)方式，神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間，膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞間，神經(jīng)和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞互相傳導(dǎo)。同時(shí)還可能有修復(fù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，決定哪些神經(jīng)長(zhǎng)的大［記得可能不準(zhǔn)］。教授說對(duì)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的研究是一個(gè)很open up的領(lǐng)域，建議學(xué)生們可以考慮畢業(yè)后作深入研究（有題）。以往人們對(duì)神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)的研究?jī)H限于neuron（神經(jīng)元），也叫nervecell。后來偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦中g(shù)lial cell比neuron的數(shù)目多很多，glial cell引起了科學(xué)家的重視，開始研究它究竟起什么作用（此處出題，問glialcell怎么引起科學(xué)家注意的）。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)一直誤以為glial cell也像nervecell一樣用電信號(hào)。對(duì)glial cell的認(rèn)識(shí)目前十分有限，但相關(guān)研究已經(jīng)開始流行，是大家畢業(yè)之后可選的研究課題（此處出題）Glial cell isthought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentallydiscover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attractpeople’s attention. They use chemical conductor to municate with others. Soglial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glialwas thought to support nerve cell.Glial cells (神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞)and Neurons（神經(jīng)細(xì)胞）Glial cells,monly called neuroglia or simply glia, are nonneuronal cellsthat provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis,form myelin,and participate in signal transmission in the nervoussystem. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumberneurons by about 10 to 1.[1]Glial cellsprovide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervoussystem. They are thus known as the glue膠水 of the nervous system. The four main functions ofglial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrientsand oxygento neurons供養(yǎng), to insulate one neuron from another隔開, and to destroy pathogensand remove dead neurons破壞病菌，轉(zhuǎn)移死N.Glia wasdiscovered in 1856by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 39。 in the human brain contains about ten timesmore glial cells than neurons. [1]Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwentsignificant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming thatwe are using only 10% of our brain. The role of glial cells asmanagers of munications in the synapse突觸 gap,thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recentlyIn addition toneurons, the nervous system is populated with another category of cells, glialcells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons, butsince they are approximately onetenth the size, they take up equal size, gliais a Greek term meaning glue, researches originally believed that glial cellsserved as the putty that held the neurons together, recent research indicatesthat these cells provide very important contributions.a neuron is thefunctioning unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, integrate, andtransmit information, the flow of information moves in the following direction.2. ID Problem女學(xué)生丟了錢包（里面有她的student idamp。 key等東西.），無法回dorm。但是女生說，我的wallet丟了，id card沒了，passport也在dorm里面，而沒有id card，dorm不讓進(jìn)(有題目,問她為什么拿不到passport?)。有考到態(tài)度題,問MM為什么這么說?(記得兩選項(xiàng):. .)literature主要講了1819世紀(jì)英國(guó)浪漫主義(Romanticism)詩歌的代表人Wardsworth的詩。Roman