【正文】 nd on some statues the heads were removable. They could put an emperor’s head on different bodies, showing him doing different things. And then later when the time came they could even use the head of the next emperor on the same body.詞匯：sculpture n. 雕塑bust n. 半身像memorate v. 紀(jì)念category n. 種類conquer v. 征服；戰(zhàn)勝M(fèi)editerranean adj. 地中海的spoils n. 戰(zhàn)利品；贓物dominant adj. 占優(yōu)勢的；統(tǒng)治的prevalent adj. 流行的dismiss v. 解散；開除decoration n. 裝飾idealization n. 理想化imperial adj. 帝國的empire n. 帝國emperor n. 皇帝；君主plaster cast 石膏模型workshop n. 車間；工場replicate v. 復(fù)制marble n. 大理石bronze n. 青銅制品題目：12. What is the lecture mainly about?解析：主旨題。答案：Different views of a type of sculpture popular in ancient Roman times13. According to traditional art, why did the Romans copy Greek sculpture?解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，定位traditional art，lacked creativity and skill同義替換為did not have sufficient skill.答案：Roman artists did not have sufficient skill to create original sculpture14. What is Gazda39。文中說羅馬人因?yàn)樾蕾p希臘雕像所以模仿，這是藝術(shù)用途；文中又說這些雕像用來傳達(dá)君主的一些想法，是政治用途。答案：To illustrate the Roman policy of distributing the emperor’s image throughout the empire16. According to the professor, why did the Romans sometimes remove the emperor39。s head，原文中對應(yīng)the heads were ，放在不同的身體上；當(dāng)時間到了，可以在相同的身體上換另下一任帝王的頭像，說明這時之前的帝王已經(jīng)沒有權(quán)利了。答案：The view of traditional art historians is probably incorrectConversation 2（場景分類——詢問論文）Narrow：Listen to a conversation between a student and his sociology professor.A: Well, I’m glad you redid your outline. I fed a few ments, but nothing you have to act on. （2）It’s in good enough shape for you to start writing your paper.B: Thanks! At first I was afraid all that prep work would be a waste of time.A: Well, especially with a challenging topic like yours: factors leading to the emergence of sociology as an academic discipline. There’s just so much history to consider。學(xué)生想?yún)⒓右豁?xiàng)調(diào)查研究，research study 同義替換為research project.答案：The man39。s outline?答案：推斷題。解析：It will help him write clearly about a plex topic.3. What is the main goal of the study that the professor’s colleague is conducting?答案：細(xì)節(jié)題，定位the professor’s colleague. 文中說她讓一些人看還沒有播出過的節(jié)目，看他們是否喜歡這個節(jié)目，而參與的人都是這個學(xué)生的同齡人。解析：To find out if some television shows will be popular with people in a certain age range4. What does the professor imply about the owners of Fox39。說明業(yè)主會幫她。說明教學(xué)生的教授不一定了解電視研究。s marketing professor might not be aware of the television study.Lecture 3 （學(xué)科分類——?dú)v史）Narrow：Listen to part of a conversation in an European history class.(6)In order to really study the social history of the Middle Ages, you have to understand the role of spices. Now, this might sound a little surprising, even a little strange. But what seem like little things now were back then actually rather big things. So first let’s define what a spice is. Technically speaking, a spice is part of an aromatic plant that is not a leaf or herb. Spices can e from tree bark like cinnamon, plant roots like ginger, flower buds like cloves. And in the Middle Ages. Europeans were familiar with lots of different spices, most important being pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, maize and nutmeg. These spices literarily dominated the way Europeans lived for centuries, how they traded and even how they used their imaginations. So why this medieval fascination with spices? We can boil it down to there general ideas briefly. One was cost and rarity. Uh two was exotic taste and fragrance. And third, mysterious origins and kinds of mythical status.Now for cost and rarity, （7）spices aren’t native to Europe and they had to be imported. Spices only grew in the East Indies and of course transportation costs were astronomical. So spices were incredibly valuable even from the very beginning. （11）Here is an example. In 408 AD, the Gothic General who captured Rome demanded payment. He wanted 5000 pounds of gold among other things but he also wanted 3000 pounds of pepper. Maybe that would give you an idea of exactly where pepper stood at the time. By the Middle Ages, spices were regarded as so important and expensive they were used in diplomacy, as gifts by heads of state and ambassadors.Now for the taste. The diet then was relatively bland, pared to today’s. There wasn’t much variety. Especially the aristocracy who tended to eat a lot of meat, they were always looking for new ways to prepare it, new sources, new tastes and this is where spices came in. Now, this is a good point to mention one of the biggest myths about spices. （7）It’s monly said that medieval Europeans wanted spices to cover up the taste of spoiled meat. But this isn’t really true. （8）Anyone who had to worry about spoiled meat couldn’t afford spices in the first place. If you could afford spices, you could definitely afford fresh meat. We also have evidence that various medieval markets employed a kind of police to make sure that people did not sell spoiled food, and if you were caught doing it, you were subject to various fines, humiliating public punishments. So what actually was true was this: In order to have meat for the winter, people would preserve it in salt, not a spice. Spices actually aren’t very effective as preservatives. And throughout winter, they would eat salted meat, but the taste of the stuff could grow really boring and depressing after a while. So the cook started looking for new ways to improve the taste and spices were the answer, which brings us to mysterious origins and mythical status.Now the ancient Romans had a thriving spice trade and they sent their ships to the east and back. （9）But when Rome collapsed in the fifth century and the Middle Ages began, direct trade stopped, and so did that kind of handson knowledge of travel and geography. Spices now came by way of the trade routes with lots of intermediaries between the producer and the consumer. So these spices took on an air of mystery. Their origins were shrouded in exotic travels. They had the allure of the unknown, of wild places. Myths grew