【正文】 affected by the same factors that bring about great changes in all nature. Fall is the nextbest season, then winter. As for summer, it seems to be a good time to take a long vacation from thinking. 11. According to the passage, man’s intelligence______. A. stays the same throughout the year B. varies from day to day C. changes with the seasons D. changes from year to year 12. Ellsworth Hunting decided that climate and temperature have______. A. a great effect on everyone’s intelligence B. some effect on most people’s intelligence C. some effect on a few people’s intelligence D. no effect on most people’s intelligence 13. Ellsworth Hunting’s conclusion was based on ______. A. variations of his own mental abilities from season to season B. the results of research done by him and other scientists among peoples in different climates. C. detailed records of temperature changes in different places D. detailed records of different ways of thinking among peoples in different climates 14. Why does the author say summer is a good time to take a long vacation from thinking? A. Because a long vacation in summer helps to improve people’s mental power. B. Because people tend to be less creative during summer. C. Because summer is a good time for outdoor activities. D. Because mental exertion in the summer heat taxes too much of people’s energy. 15. The certain idea of this passage is ______. A. man’s mental abilities change from season to season B. man’s intelligence varies from place to place C. man should take a long vacation in summer D. if you want to do creative thinking, go to a cool place Passage Two Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. You don’t need every word to understand the meaning of what you read. In fact, too much emphasis on individual words both slows your speed and reduces your prehension. You will be given the chance to prove this to yourself, but meanwhile, let us look at the implication. First, any habit which slows down you silent reading to the speed at which you speak, or read aloud, is inefficient. If you point to each word as you read, or more your head or form the words with your lips, you read poorly. Less obvious habits also hold back reading efficiency. ONE is “saying” each word silently by moving your tongue or throat or vocal cords。 All of these contain hazardous chemicals. Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants could be traced to household waste. Farmers have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides, chemicals that kill weeds and insects but insects but that pollutes water as well. Farmers also use nitrates, nitrogenrich fertilizer that helps plants grow but that can wreak havoc on the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface runoff to lakes and seas. Too many nitrates “ over enrich” these bodies of water, encouraging the buildup of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water. What’s the Solution? Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and local solutions to water related problems。NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For question 810, plete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Will We Run Out of Water? Picture a “ghost ship” sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by a receding sea. Then imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the dry seabed and spewing them across towns and villages. Seem like a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral Sea in Central Asia, it’s all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate（ provide water for） farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size, stranding ships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt content and bee polluted, killing all 24 native species of fish. Similar large scale efforts to redirect water in other parts of the world have also ended in ecological crisis, according to numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people will need more water in the next century. “Growing populations will worsen problems with water,” says Peter H. Gleick, an environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in Development, Environment, and Security, a research anization in California. He fears that by the year 2025, as many as onethird of the world’s projected billion people will suffer from water shortages. Where Water Goes Only percent of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing food, says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass. Two thirds of this fr