【正文】 國 俄羅斯 尼加拉瓜 墨西哥 南非 巴西 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。The poverty line is an absolute level of ine set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty. 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 衡量不平等中的問題 n 貧困線 228。 228。 Figure 1 The Poverty Rate Percent of the Population below Poverty Line 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2022 Poverty rate 5 10 15 20 25 圖 1. 貧困率 低于貧困線的 人口百分比 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2022 貧困率 5 10 15 20 25 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 As economic growth pushes the entire ine distribution upward, more families are pushed above the poverty line because the poverty line is an absolute rather than a relative standard. 228。 Although economic growth has raised the ine of the typical family, the increase in inequality has prevented the poorest families from sharing in this greater economic prosperity. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。由于貧困線是絕對標準而不是相對標準，所以，隨著經(jīng)濟增長把整個收入分配向上推動，更多的家庭被推到貧困線之上。盡管平均收入持續(xù)增加，但貧困率并沒有下降。雖然經(jīng)濟增長增加了一般家庭的收入，但不平等的增長使最窮的家庭沒有分享到經(jīng)濟繁榮的果實。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality 衡量不平等中的問題 n Three Facts About Poverty 關(guān)于貧困的三個事實 228。Poverty is correlated with age. 貧困與年齡有關(guān) 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality u Data on ine distribution and the poverty rate give an inplete picture of inequality in living standards because of the following: u Inkind transfers u The economic life cycle u Transitory versus permanent ine Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality n InKind Transfers 228。Measurements of the distribution of ine and the poverty rate are based on families’ money ine. 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 衡量不平等中的問題 n 實物轉(zhuǎn)移支付 228。 228。 228。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。The regular pattern of ine variation over a person’s life is called the life cycle. ? A young worker has a low ine at the beginning of his or her career. ? Ine rises as the worker gains maturity and experience. ? Ine peaks at about age 50. ? Ine falls sharply at retirement, around age 65. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。在人的一生中有規(guī)律的收入變動模式被稱為 生命周期。 ? 隨著年齡變大和經(jīng)驗增加，收入增加。 ? 在 65歲退休時，收入大幅度減少。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality n Transitory versus Permanent Ine 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 衡量不平等中的問題 n 暫時收入與持久收入 228。 ? 自然力量 ? 由于疾病或經(jīng)濟條件等因素造成的暫時失業(yè)。 ? 持久收入不包括收入的暫時變動。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Economic Mobility 經(jīng)濟流動性 u The movement of people among ine classes is called economic mobility. 經(jīng)濟流動性 ——人們在各收入階層之間的變動。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 收入再分配的政治哲學(xué) 政府對經(jīng)濟不平等應(yīng)該做些什么？ u 僅僅是經(jīng)濟分析并不能告訴我們答案。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。Utilitarianism 功利主義 228。Libertarianism 自由意志主義 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 功利主義 u 功利主義認為， 政府應(yīng)該選擇使社會上所有人總效用最大化的政策。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 功利主義 u 功利主義者支持收入再分配是根據(jù)邊際效用遞減 的假設(shè)。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 自由主義 u 自由主義認為， 收入再分配的形式應(yīng)該使社會中最窮的人總是能得到適當?shù)氖杖胨?，作為社會保障? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 自由主義 u 公共政策的制訂應(yīng)該基于 最大化標準，目的是追求社會上最不幸的人的效用或福利最大化。 u 這種思想使我們把收入再分配作為社會保險的一種形式。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Libertarianism u Libertarianism is the view that government should enforce individual rights to ensure that everyone has the same opportunity to use his or her talents to achieve success, but should not redistribute ine. u Libertarians argue that equality of opport