【正文】
學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier 通過生產(chǎn)可能性邊界說明的幾個(gè)概念 ?Efficiency 效率 ?Tradeoffs 交替(權(quán)衡取舍) ?Opportunity Cost 機(jī)會(huì)成本 ?Economic Growth 經(jīng)濟(jì)增長 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 經(jīng)濟(jì)模型難以作出準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測。 ? The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to 設(shè)。 人的行為之間存在差異。因此,正確理解掌握經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的方法而不是生搬硬套某些不同條件下產(chǎn)生的結(jié)論,才是我們學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的正確方法。實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意在回答“經(jīng) 濟(jì)體究竟是如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的”。 規(guī)范分析( Normative Analysis ):對(duì)價(jià)值判斷的一 種描述,它要說明的是有關(guān) “應(yīng)該是什么” 的命題。 例:“對(duì)富人比窮人收更多的稅”,“政府應(yīng)當(dāng)減少通貨膨脹”。 規(guī)范分析不能獨(dú)立于實(shí)證分析;(基礎(chǔ)) 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在分析、尋求經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的客觀規(guī)律時(shí),不可避免 地受到其個(gè)人的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位、價(jià)值觀念等等的影響。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 四、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與經(jīng)濟(jì)制度 (一)經(jīng)濟(jì)制度 經(jīng)濟(jì)制度是指在任何經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中依據(jù)一系列的規(guī)則形 成的各經(jīng)濟(jì)組織(包括個(gè)人)按一定的方式從事經(jīng)濟(jì)活 動(dòng),最終形成一定成果的系統(tǒng)。包 括三個(gè)方面: 具有自己的 決策 結(jié)構(gòu)(決策機(jī)制); 具有作為決策基礎(chǔ)的 信息 搜集、傳遞和處理結(jié)構(gòu) (信息機(jī)制); 具有人們進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的 動(dòng)力 結(jié)構(gòu)(激勵(lì)機(jī)制)。 The cost of something is what you give up to get 成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西。 People respond to 。 Markets are usually a good way to anize economic activity. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法。 The standard of living depends on a country’s 的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品和勞務(wù)的能力。 Society faces a shortrun tradeoff between inflation and 。 ? The cost of something is what you give up to get it.某種東西的成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西。 ? People respond to incentives. 人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)。 ? Markets are usually a good way to anize economic activity. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法。 How People Interact 人們?nèi)绾蜗嗷ソ灰? 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 Ten Principles of Economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理 ? The standard of living depends on a country’s production. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品和勞務(wù)的能力。 ? Society faces a shortrun tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. 社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期交替關(guān)系。 ? Guns v. butter(大炮與黃油) ? Food v. clothing(食品與衣物) ? Leisure time v. work(閑暇時(shí)間與工作) ? Efficiency v. equity(效率與平等 ) 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 1. People face tradeoffs. 人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍 ?Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. 效率 是指社會(huì)能從其稀缺資源中得到最多東西。 Efficiency v. Equity 平等與效率 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. 某種東西的成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西 ?Decisions require paring costs and benefits of 要比較可供選擇的行動(dòng)方案的成本與收益 ? Whether to go to college or to work? 上大學(xué)還是工作? ? Whether to study or go out on a date? 學(xué)習(xí)還是約會(huì)? ? Whether to go to class or sleep in? 去教室還是睡覺? 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. 某種東西的成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西 The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that 就是為了得到某種東西所必須放棄的東西。 People make decisions by paring costs and benefits at the margin. 人們通過比較成本和收益的邊際量來進(jìn)行決策。 ?The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!當(dāng)一種方案的邊際收益大于邊際成本時(shí),該方案將被選擇 。 ?Competition results in gains from trading.競爭會(huì)促使人們從貿(mào)易中獲益。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 6. Markets are usually a good way to anize economic activity. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法 ?In a market economy, households decide what to buy and who to work 市場經(jīng)濟(jì) 中,家庭可以決定買什么和為誰工作。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 6. Markets are usually a good way to anize economic activity. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法 ?Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”亞當(dāng) 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 6. Markets are usually a good way to anize economic activity. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法 ?Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions 由于家庭和企業(yè)在決定購買什么和出賣什么時(shí)關(guān)注價(jià)格,所以他們就不知不覺地考慮到了他們行動(dòng)的社會(huì)成本。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 7. Governments can sometimes improve market outes. 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場結(jié)果 ?When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and 靈時(shí),政府會(huì)進(jìn)行干預(yù)以促進(jìn)效率和平等。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 7. Governments can sometimes improve market outes. 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場結(jié)果 ?Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firm’s actions on the wellbeing of a 外部性 。 ?Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices. 市場失靈的另一個(gè)可能原因是 市場勢力 。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品和勞務(wù)的能力 ?Standard of living may be measured in different ways:生活水平 可以通過不同的方法衡量: ?By paring personal 個(gè)人收入。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品和勞務(wù)的能力 ?Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries’ 于各國 生產(chǎn)率 的差別。 Higher productivity ? Higher standard of living 高生產(chǎn)率 高生活水平 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money. 當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多貨幣時(shí),物價(jià)上升 ?Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the 是經(jīng)濟(jì)中物價(jià)總水平的上升。 ?When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money 的貨幣時(shí),貨幣貶值。 ?Inflation ? ?Unemployment 物價(jià)下降 失業(yè)上升 It’s a shortrun tradeoff! 短期交替關(guān)系 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課程 六、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的演進(jìn) 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)