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電大旅行社經(jīng)營與管理期末考試小抄【微縮精華打印版-在線瀏覽

2025-08-05 22:00本頁面
  

【正文】 如果需求的價(jià)格彈性系數(shù) Ep=1,說明價(jià)格變動(dòng) 幅度與需求變動(dòng)幅度相同,稱之為需求的單元彈性,銷售收入不會(huì)因價(jià)格的變化而發(fā)生變化。與一般的市場營銷組合策略一樣,旅行社市場營銷組合策略也包括產(chǎn)品、價(jià)格、促銷和渠道四個(gè)基本要素 (4Ps)。 有效的促銷組合具有以下功能: 息。 旅游者的購買行為,指向營銷者所提供的產(chǎn)品。旅行社產(chǎn)品的特性又決定了旅行社的品牌策略與生產(chǎn)企業(yè)有所不同。 牌獨(dú)特的內(nèi)涵。 通,喚起消費(fèi)者對品牌的注意,強(qiáng)化消費(fèi)者的認(rèn)同態(tài)度,促成消費(fèi)者的購買行為。 總之,旅行社品牌是一個(gè)完整的概念,它不單純是一個(gè)名稱,還應(yīng)該包括品牌標(biāo)記等內(nèi)容,而且旅行社應(yīng)對自己的品牌依法進(jìn)行注冊,以保護(hù)自己的排他性使用權(quán)。顧客在判斷價(jià)格合理與否時(shí),更多地是受服務(wù)產(chǎn)品中實(shí)體要素的影響,從而在心目中形成一個(gè)價(jià)值概念,并將這個(gè)價(jià)格概念同價(jià)格進(jìn)行比較,判斷是否物有所值。 但是,旅行社產(chǎn)品作為服務(wù)產(chǎn)品的一個(gè)組成部分,卻有著與一般服務(wù)產(chǎn)品不同的特性。旅行社在采取以成本為中心的 定價(jià)策略確定旅行社產(chǎn)品的基本價(jià)格之后,應(yīng)采取顧客導(dǎo)向的價(jià)格策略對已經(jīng)確定的基本價(jià)格進(jìn)行必要的修訂,以便更好地適應(yīng)市場的需要。從理論上講,旅行社產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格應(yīng)包括直接成本、各種費(fèi)用、稅金、利潤和固定資產(chǎn)等。最高價(jià) 。 包括等級差價(jià)、 季節(jié)差價(jià)、地區(qū)差價(jià)和年齡差價(jià)。 在旅行社的正常經(jīng)營活動(dòng)中,在每一項(xiàng)決策和計(jì)劃的實(shí)施中,在每一項(xiàng)管理業(yè)務(wù)中管理者都必須從事大量的組織活動(dòng);另一方面,旅行社作為一種社會(huì)組織,是否具有自我適應(yīng)、自我組織、自我激勵(lì)、自我約束的機(jī)制,在很大程度上取決于該組織結(jié)構(gòu)的狀態(tài)。 旅行社管理活動(dòng)的中心是協(xié)調(diào)人 的行為,企業(yè)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)要依靠旅行社全體成員的共同努力,因而旅行社管理的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能始終貫穿在整個(gè)旅行社管理活動(dòng)中。 進(jìn)入知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代,科學(xué)技術(shù)迅猛發(fā)展 ?? 創(chuàng)新職能在旅行社的管理實(shí)踐中處于軸心地位 ,成為推動(dòng)管理循環(huán)的原動(dòng)力 . 25.旅行社目標(biāo)市場的入選條件與測度指標(biāo) 作為旅行社目標(biāo)市場的客源產(chǎn)生地應(yīng)具有一定的規(guī)模,市場規(guī)模的具體測度指標(biāo)為人口數(shù)量和出游率的乘積。有些國家和地區(qū),如比利時(shí)、韓國,雖然國民出游率高達(dá) 90%,但由于國家人口數(shù)量有限,出游者絕對數(shù)量較小,因此也不中心構(gòu)成旅行社主要的客源市場。同時(shí)要注意,較高的收入增長率有可能會(huì)為較高的通貨膨脹率所抵消,對此我們可運(yùn)用一定時(shí)期內(nèi)人均國民生產(chǎn)總值平均增長率和平均通貨膨脹率這兩個(gè)指標(biāo)來測定。如果一國外貿(mào)收支大幅度順差,不但會(huì)使本國貨幣升值,使出國旅游價(jià)格相對降低,而且政府還會(huì)放松有關(guān)限制,甚至公開鼓勵(lì)國民購買外國商品和出國旅游,以減少可能的貿(mào)易摩擦。衡量指標(biāo)是旅游客源地居民帶薪假期的天數(shù)。在國際旅游中,遠(yuǎn)程國際旅游的國際交通費(fèi)通常占國際旅游者總開支的 20%至30%,這主使得本區(qū)域內(nèi)的旅游者成為目的地主要的國際 旅游客源,由此產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)重要的競爭原理:國際旅游市場的客源競爭,主要是同區(qū)域接待國對進(jìn)入本區(qū)域的國際旅游者的競爭。 據(jù)觀察,世界旅游客源產(chǎn)生國的旅游者選擇目的地的一般規(guī)律是:首先,選擇本區(qū)域內(nèi)比較了解和感興趣的國家和地區(qū),如:英國選擇西班牙、法國和希臘,法國選擇西班牙和英國,日本選擇中國。了解程度和感興趣程度暫時(shí)無切實(shí)可行的測度指標(biāo)進(jìn)行衡量。 where dinner and afternoon tea are available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees. Yuanmingyuan Road behind the plex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and highend brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for mercial fashion photo shoots. New Tian’an Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2021. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filledin and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place that’s more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot of movies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their prewedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soontobewed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for prewedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British pany, the 106meterlong bridge was the firstever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to plaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because
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