【正文】 nventory at each node must not be lower than the required safety stock level as presented in constraint(2) It is noted that the safety stock factor ki is a decision is determined by a simulationsearch approach as presented in Section safety stock factor ki is very important because it has a large effect on system inappropriate number of ki can result in poor system performance(low system fill rate with high system cost). balance constraints:The beginning inventory level is equal to the ending inventory level of last period plus the total ining ending inventory level is equal to the beginning inventory level minus the total outgoing quantity cost constraint:Since transportation occurs after an order has been placed from a destination to its source,the fixed ordering cost is always incurred when transportation occur,the binary variable Bti equals 1 if the transportation amount Tt i is not zero and binary conditions: Bti is binary 8t。 Supply chain； Mixedinteger linear programming In Supply Chain Management(SCM),the inventory control problem is very plicated and challenging because the planner needs to consider several factors,for example,supply chain structures,coordination levels,and information sharing inventory control policy used by each entity is also an important factor because it affects the inventory replenishment process of the upstream upstream demand may be distorted and far from the actual demand faced by the downstream phenomenon is known as the Bullwhip Effect,which is presented in Forrester(1961).Many classical inventory control systems(s,Q,s,S,R,S,R,Q,and R,s,S, s,Q,S,and R denote reorder points,reorder quantities,orderupto levels,and periodic review periods,respectively)are still used in the supply chain en,determination of their control parameters is very SCM,all entities in the supply chain should be planned and controlled simultaneously to obtain goodcontrol parameters and low inventory aim of this paper is to develop a new inventory control system called the inventory/distribution plan(IDP)control system that determines optimal product flow through a onewarehouse/multiretailer supply chain under both stationary and nonstationary uncertain demand IDP control system controls each supply chain member using the optimal IDP operating under a oneperiod rolling horizon planning optimal IDP is obtained by solving a proposed mixedinteger linear programming performance of the proposed IDP control system is pared with that of the echelonstock R,s,S control policy since both systems are similar in many main contribution of this paper is the development of IDP control system thathas good performances under both stationary and nonstationary uncertain demand situations.This paper also proposes a practical way to determine appropriate safety stock factors at the warehouse and retailers that yield relatively low total costs while maintaining relativelyhigh fill rates. review This paper involves two main streams of research:(a)proposing new inventory control systems and(b)determining suitable control parameters of classicalinventory control efore,the literature review is presented in two main subsections.(a)Literature review proposing inventory control systems:So far,many researches including this paper have focused on proposing new inventory control systems or improving classical inventory control systems,and also paring their proposed/improved systems to a classical inventory control system.Yoo et al.(1997) proposed an improved Distribution Resource Planning(DRP)method using concepts of installationstock s,Q and R,S order quantities and order points are dynamically determined to meet the demand in a justintime concept and minimize the outofstock the improved system,regional distribution centers can make a decision to reduce the related costs— order only the amount available or postpone the ordering. Based on experiments,the proposed system out performs he classical relevant research work belongs to De Kok andFransoo(2020).The authors proposed the socalled Synchronized Based Stock(SBS)policy and pared its performance to the LPbased system under the backlogging SBS, which uses the basestockpolicy concept,raises the inventory position to meet the adjustable target level in every inventory is concluded that the SBS outperforms the LPbased system considerably because it uses more sophisticated ordering method and rationing et al.(2020)studied two inventory control systems,namely,DRP and Reorder Point systems in a fourechelon system refers to a calculation of upstream reorder quantities and reorder intervals by aggregating all downstream demands and offsetting them by related lead Reorder Point system refers to a situation that manufacturers forecast needs at the distribution centers.The authors concluded that the DRP system gives higher service levels and lower cycle ti s,S system where s and S vary with states(SMART s,S system)was proposed by Giannoccaro and Pontrandolfo(2020).A threestage serial supply chain is formulated as a semiMarkov decision process model and then solved by SMART(semiMarkov average reward technique) authors pared the SMART s,S system to the echelonstock R,Ssystem and then summarized that the SMART s,S system gives lower total costs and is more robust if demand undergoes only slight et al.(2020)proposed justintimedistribution requirements planning(JITDRP)which aims to pull material through a multiwarehouse/multiretailer supply chain JITDRP gives optimal solutions under deterministic review determining suitable control parameters of classical systems:The classical inventory control system in supply chains can be broadly divided intotwo types,namely, installationstock and echelonstock inventory control difference between them is mainly based on in