【正文】 社會(huì)創(chuàng)造了多少的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。這就意味著隨著氣候變遷對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)造成的不利影響，土地的人口承載壓力增加和越來(lái)越多的農(nóng)村人口向城市遷移小微企業(yè)吸納非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的作用將會(huì)增加。 面積是另一個(gè)被用來(lái)區(qū)別微企、小企、中型和大型企業(yè)的指標(biāo)。 在歐盟，一家企業(yè)所擁有的資產(chǎn)不超過(guò)兩百萬(wàn)歐元就被認(rèn)為是微型企業(yè)，同時(shí)那些資產(chǎn)不超過(guò)一千萬(wàn)歐元的企業(yè)則被認(rèn)為是小型企業(yè)，而中型企業(yè)所擁有的資產(chǎn)不超過(guò)三千四百萬(wàn) 歐元。五百萬(wàn)（ $2,500）。因?yàn)檫@大多數(shù)微企既不會(huì)紀(jì)錄財(cái)務(wù)狀況也不會(huì)被相關(guān)部門(mén)審核，受訪者們只在被問(wèn)及其業(yè)務(wù)的價(jià)值估計(jì)時(shí)坦言只是為了公司的持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)。 這種發(fā)展趨勢(shì)在其他國(guó)家其他地區(qū)也是相同的。這種較低 水 平的共有微企 不僅僅是微企的典型代表而且也是其他商業(yè)形式的代表。目前公司的法律是 1948 年制定的明顯落后于當(dāng)前公司的治理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。只有少數(shù)擁有抵押品的微企可以從一些小型金融機(jī)構(gòu)獲取諸如組團(tuán) 貸款，強(qiáng)制性儲(chǔ)蓄和小額貸款等信貸。 影響烏干達(dá)小微企業(yè)融資決策的一些其他因素 不同于以上路徑依賴(lài)所分析，這里有其他幾個(gè)影響影響微企融資決策的因素。后者的討論，舉個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)，可能會(huì)受到借款者個(gè)人的信貸歷史記錄以及抵押品的可用性影響。盡管微企的成立是很容易的并且通常其往往通過(guò)個(gè)人來(lái)源獲取啟動(dòng)資金，但為了微企的可持續(xù)發(fā)展獲取正規(guī)信貸是必不可少的。 獲取正規(guī)信貸 在參與調(diào) 查的 602 家微企中，僅僅只有 34%的微企主承認(rèn)他們有過(guò)申請(qǐng)貸款的歷史，與此同時(shí)，大部分（ 64%）微企從未有過(guò)信貸紀(jì)錄。 例如在堪培拉，僅僅只有 31%的微企主申請(qǐng)過(guò)帶狂，在北部和西北部地區(qū)達(dá)到了 46%，在西部地區(qū)是 42%，在東部地區(qū)則是 35%。可靠的數(shù)據(jù)顯示在中部和西部地區(qū)的小型金融機(jī)構(gòu)比東部和北部地區(qū)的小型金融機(jī)構(gòu)有著更顯著的貢獻(xiàn)作用（ 11）。中、西部地區(qū)小微企業(yè)獲取信貸的渠道并不比其他地區(qū)獲取信貸的渠道有多明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。經(jīng)過(guò)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)男性微企主與女性微企主在申請(qǐng)信貸方面也并不存在顯著的不同。然而 24%的數(shù)量還是低于 42%從其他途徑獲取信貸的數(shù)量。 在申請(qǐng)并成功獲取信貸的微企中， 大多數(shù)（ 77%）微企是從小型金融機(jī)構(gòu)獲取的貸款，同時(shí)僅僅只有 23%是從商業(yè)銀行獲取的貸款。非正式成立、只需求少量的貸款和沒(méi)有擁有大量抵押品 作抵押其很難從商業(yè)銀行處獲得貸款。微企從商業(yè)銀行處獲取貸款其實(shí)是非常困難的。這就意味 著微企大部分使用的是非正式信貸。這個(gè)模式也側(cè)面證實(shí)了一個(gè)事實(shí)那就是大部分微企還是需要信貸來(lái)幫助其解決資金問(wèn)題（不然大多數(shù)也不會(huì)申請(qǐng)很多次） 。另外，微企借貸人往往通過(guò)不斷信貸的方式來(lái)是借貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小化，所以 借款人往往是不斷貸入小型 貸款。 信貸信息的不對(duì)稱(chēng)給信貸歷史記錄從一個(gè)放貸人向另一個(gè)放貸人處轉(zhuǎn)移造成了相當(dāng)大的困難并因此限制了放貸人放貸的機(jī)會(huì)。一個(gè)借款人往往會(huì)在同一個(gè)放貸人那里借款不僅僅是放貸人會(huì)提供給他們最好的信貸模式，而是因?yàn)楹土硪粋€(gè)放貸人建立起新的借貸關(guān)系是非常不容易的。然而，其對(duì)局勢(shì)的影響還不是十分明朗。大部分人對(duì)這兩者都很清楚并且無(wú)論他們 是從放貸人處或者同行那里獲取信貸關(guān)于這兩點(diǎn)他們都是十分清楚的。這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于 29% 使用正規(guī)信貸來(lái)解決他們微企的融資問(wèn)題的人。事實(shí)上，一些學(xué)者調(diào)查 后很明顯地 發(fā)現(xiàn)在一些低收入國(guó)家借款人從放貸人或者其他非正規(guī)渠道獲取 的信貸往往需要支付非常高的利息率，而這些利息率通常又在 100%以上。 需要信貸 大多數(shù)微企并不使用正規(guī)的信貸，這一點(diǎn)在非洲其他國(guó)家的調(diào)查中也是一致的，比如說(shuō)加納、津巴布韋和肯尼亞就發(fā)現(xiàn)信貸貿(mào)易和其他形式的非正規(guī)信貸的廣泛使用遠(yuǎn)大于正規(guī)信貸的使用規(guī)模。使用非正規(guī)信貸并不一定意味著不需要信貸。另外，調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)需要信貸往往是出 于各種不同的理由，他們選擇不使用正規(guī)信貸。最后一條清晰的表明那些受訪者并不需要貸款。 供應(yīng)商信 貸 的廣泛使用 大多數(shù)微企主，尤其是那些在市場(chǎng)上營(yíng)業(yè)販賣(mài)大量農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的微企主們往往會(huì)大量使用供應(yīng)商信貸。這樣的實(shí)踐是被廣泛傳播的，以至于一些受訪者承認(rèn)這是他們與供應(yīng)商建立良好合作關(guān)系的重要組成部分。對(duì)于前者，保證了他們?cè)谝粋€(gè)市場(chǎng)上的穩(wěn)定地位，而對(duì)于后者來(lái)說(shuō)他們不需要預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備資金來(lái)購(gòu)買(mǎi)能夠出售的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。 其他一些形式的微企，比如小商店、沙龍和服務(wù)供應(yīng)商也承認(rèn)嚴(yán)重依賴(lài)供應(yīng)商信貸或者經(jīng)常放置一些有限的商品和補(bǔ)益。另外，使用供應(yīng)商信貸比從放貸人那里借錢(qián)要便宜些，更加方便的啟動(dòng)生意因?yàn)楹笳甙艘恍├?，而利息在供?yīng)商信貸中則不存在。例如非正規(guī)信貸被用來(lái)獲取公司股票 ，就不太合適用來(lái)資本投入比如一些設(shè)備像冰箱、家具或者其他可以改善某人生意的物品的購(gòu)買(mǎi)。 簡(jiǎn)單、方便地獲取非正規(guī)信貸 這一點(diǎn)是 非正規(guī)信貸相比于正規(guī)信貸而言的非常大的優(yōu)勢(shì)，即使正規(guī)的小型金融機(jī)構(gòu)使用相似的借貸方式也并不能比非正規(guī)信貸顯得更有活力。高額利息則是最大的缺點(diǎn)。這是為什么呢，通過(guò)調(diào)查我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有時(shí)候微企主們很急切的需要信貸而從正規(guī)信貸部門(mén)又不能夠立即獲取貸款。 組團(tuán)編隊(duì)的過(guò)程往往平均下來(lái)要花費(fèi)二到四周的時(shí)間。這些要求往往使那些急需信貸的微企主們望而卻步。一下是一張小型金融機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)先申請(qǐng)信貸的時(shí)間表和需要的成本支出。這是因?yàn)樗麄兺鄙贅O少的初始資本和技能。他們 的融資約束提供給我們 微型企業(yè)融資動(dòng)態(tài)的觀察窗口。另外，一些因素諸如冗長(zhǎng)的貸款處理程序，有關(guān)貸款申請(qǐng)過(guò)程的負(fù)面看法和違約賬戶的惡劣后果都導(dǎo)致了非正式信貸的廣泛使用。 in the north and northwestern region, 46%。 and in the eastern region, 35%. Therefore, in all the regions, the number of micro enterprises that had applied for a loan is significantly smaller than the number that had never applied. Available data show that the central and western regions have a significantly higher distribution of microfinance institutions than the northern and eastern However, this trend is not reflected in the survey. Micro enterprises in the central and western regions that were able to access credit are not significantly higher than those that were able to do from the rest of the regions. In addition, analyzing the respondents by ownership did not reveal any gender related constraints. No significant variations were observed between enterprises owned by men that applied for credit and those owned by women. Of the respondents who stated that they had applied for a loan, 86% successfully applied for and obtained credit, while 24% were denied credit for reasons discussed below. However, of the 24%, less than half (42%) have obtained formal credit on other occasions. Therefore, only 58% enterprises that applied for a loan on one or multiple occasions failed to get credit. Source of Formal Credit For the micro enterprises that applied for and obtained credit, the majority (77%) borrowed from microfinance institutions, while only 23% borrowed from mercial banks. This phenomenon can be attributed to the nature of micro enterprises. Being informally established, requiring small loans, and not having substantial collateral make access to mercial bank credit difficult. However, it is important to note that even the 23% that were able to access credit from mercial banks, they did so from those mercial banks that are involved in micro credit delivery such as Centenary Bank. Micro enterprise access to mercial banks is very difficult. In addition, even though the majority of micro enterprises that obtained credit did so from microfinance institutions, pared to the total survey (602), those that access credit are significantly smaller than those that are unable to access credit. This means that micro enterprises largely use informal credit. Borrowing Trends of Micro Enterprises An analysis of the borrowing trends of micro enterprises that applied for formal credit revealed that the majority applied for credit more than once with the same lender. This pattern is attributed to the fact that most micro enterprises need credit to finance working capital. Therefore, repeated borrowings are indicative of a revolving financing activity. In addition, micro lenders use contingent credit to minimize the risk of default, so borrowers get into a cycle of repeated borrowing of small loans. Another factor that may explain this trend is that once a relationship has been established with a particular lender, borrowers find it easier to obtain future credit from that lender. The lack of credit information systems makes it difficult to transfer one’s credit history from one lender to another hence limiting lender choice. This is one of the disadvantages of relationship banking. Borrowers may find themselves continuing a relationship with a lender not necessarily because the lender offers them the best, but because of the difficulties of starting a new relationship with another lender. A credit reference bureau has recently been established in Uganda. However, it’s t