【正文】
筑混凝土?xí)r減少澆筑厚度,利用澆筑層面散熱; ( 4)在混凝土中埋設(shè)水管,通入冷水降溫; ( 5)規(guī)定合理的拆模時間,氣溫驟降時進行表面保溫,以免混凝土表面發(fā)生急劇的溫度梯度; ( 6)施工中長期暴露的混凝土澆筑塊表面或薄壁結(jié)構(gòu),在寒冷季節(jié)采取保溫措施; 改善約束條件的措施是: ( 1)合理地分縫分塊; ( 2)避免基礎(chǔ)過大起 伏; ( 3)合理的安排施工工序,避免過大的高差和側(cè)面長期暴露; 此外,改善混凝土的性能,提高抗裂能力,加強養(yǎng)護,防止表面干縮,特別是保證混土木建筑 學(xué)院 0504 班學(xué)生 高尚立 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 第 3 頁 共 14頁 濟南大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計用紙 凝土的質(zhì)量對防止裂縫是十分重要,應(yīng)特別注意避免產(chǎn)生貫穿裂縫,出現(xiàn)后要恢復(fù)其結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性是十分困難的,因此施工中應(yīng)以預(yù)防貫穿性裂縫的發(fā)生為主。當(dāng)混凝土溫度高于氣溫時應(yīng)適當(dāng)考慮拆模時間,以免引起混凝土表面的早期裂縫。在混凝土澆筑初期,由于水化 熱的散發(fā),表面引起相當(dāng)大的拉應(yīng)力,此時表面溫度亦較氣溫為高,此時拆除模板,表面溫度驟降,必然引起溫度梯度,從而在表面附加一拉應(yīng)力,與水化熱應(yīng)力迭加,再加上混凝土干縮,表面的拉應(yīng)力達到很大的數(shù)值,就有導(dǎo)致裂縫的危險,但如果在拆除模板后及時在表面覆蓋一輕型保溫材料,如泡沫海棉等,對于防止混凝土表面產(chǎn)生過大的拉應(yīng)力,具有顯著的效果。只是對一般鋼筋混凝土有影響。鋼的線脹系數(shù)與混凝土線脹系數(shù)相差很小,在溫度變化時兩者間只發(fā)生很小的內(nèi)應(yīng)力。但加筋后結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)的裂縫一般就變得數(shù)目多、間距小、寬度與深度較小了?;炷梁弯摻罨炷两Y(jié)構(gòu)的表面常常會發(fā)生細而淺的裂縫,其中大多數(shù)屬于干縮裂縫。 為保證混凝土工程質(zhì)量,防止開裂,提高混凝土的耐久性,正確使用外加劑也是減少開裂的措施之一。增大毛細孔徑可降低毛細管表面張力,但會使混凝土強度降低。 ( 2)水灰比是影響混凝土收縮的重要因素,使用減水防裂劑可使混凝土用水量減少25%。 ( 4)減水防裂劑可以改善水泥漿的稠度,減少混凝土泌水,減少沉縮變形。 ( 6)混凝土在收縮時受到約束產(chǎn)生拉應(yīng)力,當(dāng)拉應(yīng)力大于混凝土抗拉強度時裂縫就會產(chǎn)生。 ( 7)摻加外加劑可使混凝土密實性好,可有效地提高混凝土的抗碳化性,減少碳化收縮。 ( 9)摻外加劑混凝土和易性好,表面易 抹 平,形成微膜,減少水分蒸發(fā),減少干燥收縮 . 許多外加劑都有緩凝、增加和易性、改善塑性的功能,我們在工程實踐中應(yīng)多進行這方面的實驗對比和研究,比單純的靠改善外部條件,可能會更加簡捷、經(jīng)濟。因此說混凝土的保溫對防止表面早期裂縫尤其重要。 2)防止混凝土超冷,應(yīng)該盡量設(shè)法使混凝土的施工期最低溫度不低于混凝土使用期的穩(wěn)定溫度。 混凝土的早期養(yǎng)護,主要目的在于保持適宜的溫濕條件,以達到兩個方面的效果,一方面使混凝土免受不利溫、濕度變形的侵襲,防止有害的冷縮和干縮。 適宜的溫濕度條件是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。 從理論上分析,新澆混凝土中所含水分完全可以滿足水泥水化的要求而有余。因此混凝土澆筑后的最初幾天是養(yǎng)護的關(guān)鍵時期,在施工中應(yīng)切實重視起來。 影響防水混凝土的質(zhì)量因素很多。 施工方法 2. 1 模板制作與安裝 由于防水混凝土特別強調(diào)密實性,所以對模板的制作和安裝也相應(yīng)提高 了要求 ,即要求密實不漏漿,堅固不變形 ,吸水性要小 ,宜優(yōu)先選用竹膠板模板或鋼模板。 2. 2 鋼筋制作與綁扎 防水混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)對鋼筋有如下要求 : 1)鋼筋應(yīng)盡可能采用螺紋鋼筋 ,增加握裹力和止水能力。 4)嚴(yán)格控制鋼筋保護層厚度。若采用鋼筋鐵馬架固定鋼筋時,也應(yīng)加焊止水鐵板或固定 在墊塊上,以增強防水效果 ,本工程用新型材料尼龍固定片有效 的防止了鋼筋保護層偏差過大的質(zhì)量通病。 2)當(dāng)使用外加劑,應(yīng)將外加劑制成一定濃度的溶液后加入攪 拌機內(nèi),不得將外加劑的干粉或高濃度溶液直接加入攪拌機內(nèi), 防止攪拌不均勻而局部集中,既失去外加劑作用 ,又影響混凝 土質(zhì)量。 4)本工程使用商品混凝土,有效的提高了混凝土攪拌質(zhì)量及 各類外加劑的摻量,嚴(yán)格控制了混凝土水灰比及坍落度。 2. 4 施工中的注意事項 1)施工作業(yè)面的合理劃分。 2)嚴(yán)格做到定點定量下料。 3)堅持開門子下料或用串桶 (溜槽 )下料。 4)混凝土的振搗是保證混凝土密實、防滲的重要一環(huán), 點定量均勻下料的基礎(chǔ)上,也應(yīng)采取定點振搗,精心操作注意上 下層的銜接,既要防止漏振、欠振,又要防止過振,特別要禁止用 撬動鋼筋或振動鋼筋來助振的方法,這樣將使前面已澆筑振實部 分的鋼筋與混凝土分離,造成嚴(yán)重后果。 防水混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)施 工中,常常是底板與豎壁分別施工,即在豎壁上做施工縫處理。同時,隨著澆筑高度 的 逐步提高,應(yīng)逐步減少用水量,減小坍落度防止?jié)仓缴喜砍霈F(xiàn) 骨料偏少而水泥漿偏多現(xiàn)象。t be ignored on the stress state of the structure. We meet to construct temperature crack in mainly, so only to origin cause of formation and treatment measure, concrete of crack make a discussion in constructing this text. Reason of a crack Have many kinds of reasons to produce the crack in the concrete, it is mainly the changes of temperature and humidity, fragility and disparity of the concrete, and the structure is unreasonable, the raw materials is not up to standard (if the alkali aggregate react), the template is out of shape, the foundation does not subside etc. evenly . The cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration when the concrete is hardenned, inside temperature is rising constantly, cause the stress of drawing on the surface. In the course of lowering the temperature , is it congeal foundation pay restrain to mix always later stage, will present the stress of drawing within the concrete . Reducing of temperature can surface cause heavy stress of drawing very in concrete too. When these draw the stress and go beyond resisting the ability of splitting of concrete , namely will present the crack . A lot of inside humidity of concrete change very light or change relatively slow, surface humidity might change heavy the violent change takes placing. Such as maintaining thoroughly, when getting wetter when not doing,contract surface there aren39。s shoulder or back limit when draw out of shape to have *104 only , is it carry on one39。t out of shape and stress not cause not free. Such as case roof beam roof concrete and guardrail concrete. This two kinds of temperature stresses draw back stresses caused to act on with the doing of concrete together frequently. It is a more plicated job to want to analyse the distribution , size of the temperature stress accurately according to known temperature. In case of great majority , need to rely on the model test or the number value to calculate. To is it make temperature stress have sizable limp to creep concrete, at the stress accounting temperature, must consider the influence that creep , calculate concretly that no longer states thinly here. Control and preventing the measure of the crack of 3 temperature 土木建筑 學(xué)院 0504 班學(xué)生 高尚立 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 第 9 頁 共 14頁 濟南大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計用紙 For prevent crack , lighten temperature stress can from control temperature and is it is it set about to restrain terms from two to improve. The measure of controlling temperature is as follows: (1)Is it improve aggregate grade mix , is it do rigid concrete to spend , mix mixture to adopt, is it guide angry pharmaceutical or plastification pharmaceutical ,etc. measure in order to reduce cement consumption of concrete to add。 (3)Reduce the thickness of building while building the concrete on hot day, utilize and build the aspect to dispel the heat。 (5)Stipulate rational form removal time, the temperature keeps warm the surface while lowering suddenly, in case that the rapid temperature gradient takes place in the concrete surface。 The measure of improving condition of restraining is: (1)Divide and sew and divide one rationally 。 (3)Rational arrangement construction process, prevent the too big discrepancy in elevation and side from exposing for a long time。s best. 3)Prevent the old concrete subcooling , in order to reduce the restraint among the old and new concrete. The early maintenance of the concrete, the main purpose lies in keeping the suitable warm and humid condition , in order to get the result of two respects, on the other hand make the concrete avoid the invasion and attack of the unfavorable and warm , humidity out of shape, the ones that prevent from harmfully are cold to contract and do to contract. On one hand make cement