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【正文】 3．生態(tài)暴露評(píng)價(jià) 在人體健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)中，暴露評(píng)價(jià)是測(cè)定人體暴露值大小、頻率、途徑和暴露時(shí)間，表征受暴露的人群。目前對(duì)生態(tài)暴露評(píng)價(jià)的定義還沒(méi)有完全統(tǒng)一，一般認(rèn)為生態(tài)暴露評(píng)價(jià)是測(cè)定污染物的空間和時(shí)間分布、存在形態(tài)、生物有效性以及與所關(guān)注的生態(tài)組分的接觸狀況。由于對(duì)存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的種群認(rèn)識(shí)不完全、污染物有效性的因子了解不夠、單一、特別是多種混合物暴露的劑量一響應(yīng)規(guī)律認(rèn)識(shí)不深入，以及將實(shí)驗(yàn)室結(jié)果外推到野外的不同時(shí)空范圍的 困難等，暴露評(píng)價(jià)中的許多因子都存在不確定性。因此，必須加強(qiáng)這方面評(píng)價(jià)方法和技術(shù)的研究。不確定性來(lái)源于各種外推過(guò)程，例如：物種間外推、不同等級(jí)生物組織間外推、由實(shí)驗(yàn)室向野外情況外推，由高劑量向低劑量外推等。要發(fā)展各種外推理論，建立合適的外推模型。 Environmental risk assessment is an emerging environmental protection work in the field。 particularly the United States is the leading research in this area. In a short span of 20 years, generally, the environmental risk assessment technology has gone through three periods: in 1970’s to 1980’s, risk assessment was infancy, the connotation of risk assessment is unclear, just using the toxicity identified method。 hazardous waste management is also focus on the human health risks. In recent years, the ecological risk assessment has been attention, and bees the same status with the human health risk assessment. So far, ecological risk assessment methodology does not have a guide, although some people will change NAS models for discussion the question of ecological risk, ecological risk assessment may also follows the four aspects, nevertheless ecological risk assessment is not exactly the same as human health risk assessment, the guide for human health risk assessment are not entirely applicable to ecological risk assessment. Since 1989, . EPA has been working on the syllabus of ecological risk assessment guidelines。s fourstep, but every the focus and methods of aspects have different content. The outline process the ecological risk assessment into three steps: the first step of a problem (Problem formulation), to describe characteristics of the target pollutants and the risk of the ecological system for the end of the selection and evaluation of the assumptions made. The problem is the process to determine the scope of the evaluation and planning。 the third step is risk characterization. Admittedly, environmental risk assessment includes human health and ecological risk assessment in abroad, and risk assessment of the scientific system has been basically formed. Relatively speaking, the methods of human health risk assessment have been shape。 From the amount of pollutants, from thinking the role of a single pollutant taking into account the plex role of a variety of pollutants。 From the scope of the evaluation, from local environmental risks development to regional environmental risks, as well as global environmental risks。 Processing technica
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