【正文】 support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports。possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression(rather than for purely utilitarian structure)include Frank Lloyd Wright39。, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate Some historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to acmodate much bigger to poor knowledge of iron39。第一篇：建筑學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計的外文文獻及譯文[定稿]文獻、資料題目：文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期： 系學(xué)建筑學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計的外文文獻及譯文《Advanced Encryption Standard》（部）：建筑工程系 生：陸總 LYY外文文獻：Modern Architecture Modern architecture, not to be confused with 39。contemporary architecture39。s properties as a construction material, a number of early mills was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, “Dark satanic mills” of places like Manchester and parts of West Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction。s Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner39。floor plans were functional and style became most evident in the design of its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters(Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building(Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House(Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New prominent residential example is the Lovell House(Richard Neutra)in Los of the international style claim that its stark, unpromisingly rectangular geometry is Corbusier once described buildings as “machines for living”, but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in Philip Johnson admitted he was “bored with the box.” Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked approach had bee ossified in a “style” that threatened to degenerate into a set of Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture(first written in 1941), could begin “At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting。233。當(dāng)代建筑39?；?9?？赡苁且粋€最好的例子,就是1890年由William樂男爵 (而非純粹功利結(jié)構(gòu)),包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,勞埃德賴特的統(tǒng)一宮, 建于1926年瑞士巴塞爾附近的魯?shù)婪蛩固辜{的第二哥特堂,.但無論原因為何, 約有1900多位建筑師,在世界各地開始制定新的建筑方法,將傳統(tǒng)的先例(比如哥特式),維克多奧爾塔在布魯塞爾,安東尼高迪在巴塞羅那, 奧托瓦格納和查爾斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在維也納,其中之一 由1920年代的最重要人物,huxtable和道格拉斯了Haskell利用現(xiàn)代房地產(chǎn)概念的“空權(quán)”，其財團建筑師: 沃爾特格羅皮烏斯,誠貝盧斯基和建設(shè)者金剛砂陸士父子被視為“斷絕”公園大道街景和“抹黑”, 到了八十年代,后現(xiàn)代建筑的出現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)勝現(xiàn)代,包括圣殿的光的世界, 一種復(fù)古的設(shè)計,其時間瓜達拉哈拉哈利斯科鑭luz del Mundo主任的Sede國際。但現(xiàn)在必須競爭,而恢復(fù)傳統(tǒng)的建筑設(shè)計,商業(yè)體制構(gòu)架。在間接熱沖壓過程的情況下，生產(chǎn)性能與適應(yīng)車身部件，冷卻路徑造成擴散和擴散控制的相變。計算的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變狀態(tài)正確，它是必要的模型的擴散和擴散控制的相變現(xiàn)象，考慮到間接熱沖壓過程的邊界條件。工業(yè)用新方法在有限元程序LSDYNA 971實現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞： 核鋼穩(wěn)壓器 壓水反應(yīng)堆 反應(yīng)堆壓力容器 結(jié)構(gòu)完整性 焊接韌性SA508鋼通常用于民用核反應(yīng)堆的關(guān)鍵部件，如反應(yīng)堆壓力容器。在這種探索性的研究，為第一時間，自體激光焊接6毫米厚的進行SA508 ?；谝苿芋w熱的三維瞬態(tài)模型源模型也發(fā)展到模擬激光焊接熱循環(huán)，以估計冷卻速率的過程。反應(yīng)堆壓力容器的壽命和安全運行（RPV），這是核電站中最關(guān)鍵的部件之一。具有較高強度，韌性和抗輻照脆化的材料的需要是上升的，由于增加的發(fā)電容量和核電廠的設(shè)計壽命[ 1 ]，[ 2 ]，[ 3 ]，[ 4 ]，[ 5 ]，[ 7 ]，[ 8 ]和[ 6 ]。無人機是采用焊接厚環(huán)形鍛件或SA508鋼板在一起。而電弧焊接技術(shù)以及建立這些組件，在高功率激光器的可用性增加，能夠以較高的焊接速度，減少焊接變形中厚截面鋼，（GTAW）和埋弧焊（SAW）[ 13 ]、[ 14 ]和[ 15 ]。N et al.?的[ 14 ]研究評估應(yīng)力釋放在HAZ裂紋敏感性， kJ /毫米的熱輸入焊接140毫米厚的SA508 2級鋼。[ 16 ]報道常規(guī)看到3 kJ /毫米每通過一個熱輸入SA 508級3鋼的焊接。[ 13 ]發(fā)現(xiàn)，多通過SA533B鋼埋弧焊接，焊縫金屬的熱影響區(qū)寬度，分別為26和12毫米，分別?？梢钥闯?，這些傳統(tǒng)的焊接技術(shù)相比，激光焊接一般采用較高的熱輸入，這會增加熱影響區(qū)寬度和焊后導(dǎo)致更大的扭曲和較高的殘余應(yīng)力。與傳統(tǒng)的焊接技術(shù)相比，激光焊接具有其自身的優(yōu)勢，高功率密度等，以及相關(guān)的能力，具有窄的熱影響區(qū)做一個窄的焊縫，采用較低的熱輸入和焊接速度高，達到較低水平的殘余應(yīng)力和變形，同時消耗更少的填充材料[ 18 ]和[ 19 ]。這種特性使得激光焊接適合生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量的焊縫，所需的核環(huán)境。張等。elmesalamy等人。盡管如此，沒有被報道在SA508鋼激光焊接特性。冷卻速率在不同的子區(qū)域?qū)⒋_定相變發(fā)生在連續(xù)冷卻轉(zhuǎn)變組合焊接過程中（CCT）在調(diào)查中對鋼圖。然而，熱電偶只能測量離散點的溫度歷史。有限元建模是一種替代的方法，在焊接過程中的熱循環(huán)調(diào)查。自體GTA焊接的開展提供這種鋼的激光焊接的基準?；谝苿芋w積熱源模型模擬也進行了量化的焊接熱循環(huán)對微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的變化在自體激光焊接在SA508鋼的影響。驗證的模型，然后用于預(yù)測的激光焊接的熱歷史。2。SA508條款3鋼的化學(xué)成分如表1。根據(jù)參考文獻[ 22 ]計算調(diào)查的鋼的CE，并給出：從表1看出，SA508 CE 。根據(jù)鈴木?的連續(xù)冷卻轉(zhuǎn)變曲線（CCT）508級3圖。AC1和Ac3溫度約700176。C，分別。標(biāo)本機械拋光和蝕刻在2%硝酸溶液。細小的析出物由不同的研究人員已經(jīng)確定，他們是M7C3和M23C6 [ 6 ]、[ 12 ]和[ 24 ]。自體激光焊接材料的尺寸大約是6毫米，100毫米和50毫米手動自體GTA焊接約2毫米50毫米100毫米。光束參數(shù)乘積為10毫米毫弧度的處理纖維300μ米直徑。分別。激光焊接的示意圖如圖所示。在焊接前，樣品被噴砂去除氧化物層。自體激光焊接和點焊進行。焊接接頭的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和焊縫的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)是利用光學(xué)金相顯微鏡檢查（KEYENCE vhx500f）和飛利浦XL 30掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）。在焊縫的顯微硬度分布進行測量，分別位于頂部，在激光焊接接頭的宏觀截面中部和底部，并在焊接在板厚中間位置為手動GTA焊接接頭。三測量每個縮進以最小化誤差進行。對接收的母材和焊接試樣的靜態(tài)拉伸強度評價標(biāo)本根據(jù)ASTM E8M04產(chǎn)生。缺口位于熔合區(qū)，以測試激光焊接樣品的焊接金屬的韌性。每一個測試是重復(fù)的三個單獨的和名義上相同的優(yōu)惠券，以減少不確定性。所提取的樣品的基體材料和焊接樣品的大小和形狀如圖