【正文】 ly related to the theories and modes of failure, the specific design criteria ofeach code, and the extend towhich various levels ofactual stresses are determined and 、各種規(guī)范下的特殊設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及確定和評估各種水平實(shí)際應(yīng)力的程度直接聯(lián)系在一起。許應(yīng)壓力theallowable化工廠 chemical plantPetroleum refineries have stresses人孔/手孔腐蝕（n）corrode，（Adj）corrosion，（V）corrodent溶質(zhì) solute溶劑solvent溶液solution化學(xué)蝕刻chemical milling消聲器muffler 冷凝管condenser tube冷凝器，聚光鏡condenser人力資源 human resources 陽極處理 / 陰極保護(hù)anodizing of aluminum / cathodic protection 污水，下水道系統(tǒng) sewage停工,停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),，設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)沒有任何缺陷并且操作也沒有任何錯(cuò)誤的理想世界中，腐蝕仍將發(fā)生，只不過是以可以接受的腐蝕速率發(fā)生罷了。它通常被理解為指的事材料承受大變形而不發(fā)生斷裂的能力。第一篇：專業(yè)英語詞匯deformation without vibration非阻尼第四單元一個(gè)類似的問題也適用于振動(dòng) Membrane Stresses薄膜應(yīng)degree of freedom自由度另一個(gè)甚至更難捉摸的材力Shells of Revolution回轉(zhuǎn)殼體Curve曲線Axis軸線Process vessels過程容器Cylinder cylindrical 圓柱,圓柱的Cone conical圓錐 ,圓錐的Hemispherical sphere半球形的,球形Ellipsoidal橢圓形的Torispherical準(zhǔn)球形的（碟形的）Bending stresses彎曲應(yīng)力Shear stresses剪切應(yīng)力Internal pressure內(nèi)壓Arising from…由什么引起B(yǎng)e subjected to…承受……..Symmetric對稱的Circumference周向的Meridional stress經(jīng)向應(yīng)力Circumferential stress周向應(yīng)力Tangential stress切向應(yīng)力Radius of curvature曲率半徑Normal ponent法向分量Diameter直徑An angleα to the axis與軸夾角α段落： 22頁2，3段第五單元mechanical vibration機(jī)械振動(dòng)periodically repeated motion交替重復(fù)的運(yùn)動(dòng)wear磨損 bear軸承fatigue疲勞precision instrument精密儀表propeller螺旋槳threshing machine脫粒機(jī)spring彈簧shaft軸beam梁cantilever beam懸臂梁cycle循環(huán)frequency頻率amplitude振幅displacement位移elasticforce彈性力free vibration自由振動(dòng)natural frequency自然頻率forced vibration受迫振動(dòng) exciting force激振力damped vibration阻尼振動(dòng)coordinate坐標(biāo)重點(diǎn)段落：段:“Mechanical vibrations...for many purposes.” 第六單元 金屬合金 metal alloy 結(jié)晶的crystalline晶格crystallattice原子atom離子ions 鍛造金屬wroung metal鑄造金屬cast metal導(dǎo)熱體conductor of heat 導(dǎo)電體conductor ofelectricity塑性的plastic黑色金屬ferrous metal鑄鐵cast iron有色金屬nonferrous metal碳鋼carbon steel銅合金copper alloy鈦trtanium熔點(diǎn)melting point第七單元 原材料 the virgin/starting material韌性ductility脆性brittleness斷裂fracture 硬化hardening導(dǎo)熱性 thermal conduction潤滑(n,v）lubrication ,lubricate The final strength of any material used in anengineering ponentdepends on its mechanicaland physical properties after it has been subjected to one ormore different manufacturing 于工程構(gòu)件的任何一種材料的最終強(qiáng)度取決于這種材料在經(jīng)歷了一種或多種不同加工過程之后的機(jī)械與物理性質(zhì)。A similar argument applies toa rather more elusive property of any material，namely，its ductility，whichis usually understood to mean the ability of a materialto accept large amounts of料性質(zhì)，即材料的韌性。第八單元 Manufacturing Engineering Processes制造工藝過程Massconserving processes質(zhì)量守恒過程 Massreducing processes質(zhì)量減少過程Forging鍛造Rolling滾壓/軋制Powder paction粉末軋制Ductile fracture塑性破壞Brittle fracture脆性破壞 Melting融化Evaporation蒸發(fā)Dissolution溶解Combustion燃燒Turning車削 Milling銑削Drilling鉆Electric discharge放電加工Cutting切削Friction welding摩擦焊Working temperature工作溫度lower die下模Upper die上模Forging machines鍛壓機(jī)Drop hammers鍛錘Hydraulic drives液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)Hot rolling熱軋 Hot forging熱鍛Ceramic陶瓷Hottreated熱處理Production rates生產(chǎn)率 Sintering engineering燒結(jié)法Ingot毛坯第九單元 strip steel 帶鋼tool steel 工具鋼magnifying glass放大鏡microscope 顯微鏡 polish拋光grind研磨etch蝕刻photomicrograph 顯微照相metallograph金相照片space lattices 晶格magnify放大allotropy同素異構(gòu)的allotropicchange 同素異構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變油廠來說如果任何一項(xiàng)腐addlesupport安全系graphite 石墨第十單蝕控制措施出現(xiàn)問題的話，數(shù)factorsofsafety 元 都存在發(fā)生火災(zāi)的危險(xiǎn)。In a perfect world the right material would always be selected, equipment designs would have no flaws , no mistakes would be made in operation, and corrosion would still occur — but atan acceptable 括例如陰極保護(hù)的投資成本，其電力消耗和維修成本，化學(xué)緩蝕劑的成本以及抗腐蝕材料的附加成本等。第十九單元 Heat exchangers 換熱器shellandtube exchangers管殼式換熱器Proprietary 專利的plateandframe exchangers板框式換熱器Foulingfactors 污垢指數(shù)pact（platein）exchangers 緊湊式（板翅式）換熱器friction factors摩擦系數(shù) Process designed 工藝設(shè)計(jì)valve viscous fluid粘性流體Gas滑閥turbine 蒸汽透平slidevalve活塞閥 piston valve旋塞閥 operatingpressures 操作壓力Cross flow 錯(cuò)流cock valve螺桿閥screwdown valveoperating temperature 操作楔形閥 wedgegate valve溫度heat recovery 熱量的回收平行閘板閥 parallel slide Food processing 食品工藝valve安全閥 safety固有頻率nature frequency規(guī)范，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)code 滾壓rolling H環(huán)境:；：enthalpymotor vehicle 機(jī)動(dòng)車pharmaceutical processing制藥工藝Pressure drop壓力降heat transfer coefficients傳熱系數(shù)spiral heat exchangers 螺旋式換熱器finned tube 翅片管process outlet 工藝出口log mean temperature對數(shù)平均溫度air coolers空冷機(jī)Packing glands 填料壓蓋doublepipe exchangers套管式換熱器 extended surface擴(kuò)展表面 annulus環(huán)隙concerns企業(yè)dewax脫蠟scraper 刮刀countercurrent 逆流tube side 管層shell side 殼層第二十一課 泵：pumps氣蝕：cativation真空：vacuum葉輪葉片：propeller blade 壓縮機(jī)：pressors流體力學(xué)：fluid dynamics單極：singlestage 雙極：multistage單作用：single acting雙作用：double acting 容積泵： positive_displacement離心泵：centrifugal pump抽揚(yáng)泵： lift pump螺旋泵：screw pump噴射泵：jet pumps往復(fù)泵：reciprocatingpumps止回泵（單項(xiàng)泵）：check valve第二十四課閥門 valve截止閥check valve回轉(zhuǎn)閥rotory valve提升閥 liftvalve倒塌 collapse鑄鐵 castA 安裝,裝置 installation B 薄膜應(yīng)力membrane stresses C 材料力學(xué)strength of materials 脆性的brittle 脆性，脆度 brittlness 車削turning 傳導(dǎo)，導(dǎo)熱：conduction 錯(cuò)流 crosscurrent 傳導(dǎo)率，導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)：conductivity 層流：laminar flow對稱的，均勻的，平均的symmetric代入substitution 單自由度single degree of freedom D電磁的：electromagnetic電磁波：electromagnetic waves 鍛造，鍛件forging F 浮力，浮性；浮性的：buoyancy 浮力：buoyancy forces輻射：radiation腐蝕：；；腐蝕劑：corrodent腐爛，枯朽：rot粉末壓制powderpaction附加應(yīng)力excessivestresses法蘭flangeG 估計(jì)：estimate回轉(zhuǎn)殼體shells of revolutionJ攪拌器，攪拌裝置：agitator絕熱地：adiabatically結(jié)晶，晶體crystal結(jié)晶的，透明的crystalline靜電的electrostatic精致的，可鍛的wrought技術(shù)要求,說明書 specification機(jī)理，機(jī)械作用，機(jī)構(gòu)，機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)：mechanism近似：； ； meridional stress機(jī)械振動(dòng)mechanical vibrations澆鑄，鑄件cast鑄鐵cast ironK可鍛鑄鐵wrought iron粒狀的，顆粒的granular顆粒grainL流變學(xué)rheology冷凝器，聚光鏡：condenser流變學(xué)的rheologic M密封墊片,襯墊 gasket磨料，研磨，磨損的abrasive磨損，損耗，耐磨（性）wearN逆流 countercurrent P判據(jù),準(zhǔn)則 criterion破裂，斷裂 fractureQ 氣蝕 cavitation 屈服應(yīng)力權(quán)限,管轄權(quán)jurisdiction強(qiáng)制對流：forced convection曲率半徑radius of curvature強(qiáng)迫振動(dòng)forced vibration 裙座skirtR 人力資源：human resources韌性，延展性ductility 韌性的 ductile 蠕變應(yīng)力 熱處理internal structure熱對流，遷移：convection熱傳導(dǎo)：thermal conduction熱對流：thermal convection 容器，槽，罐，船只vessel 人孔manwayS瞬態(tài)的,過度的 transien