【正文】 er place or anyone else than a native.” Here “text” refers to the elements which characterizes a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and mores peculiar to one particular his “background” covers physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition human thought and ultimate aim of the local colorism is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that differs from the world : It’s a poetic movement of England and the from 1909 to movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy ：意象主義是在1909到1917年之間在英國和美國的一次詩歌運(yùn)動。他們認(rèn)為生與死最基本的真理可以超越感官的世界而獲得。對他們來說，個人是一個社會最重要的元素。超驗(yàn)主義者主張文化的復(fù)興，認(rèn)為“超靈”是宇宙中最重要的事物。 Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their mon ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the stressed the importance of the them, the individual was the most important element of offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the ’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美國超驗(yàn)主義：美國超驗(yàn)主義出現(xiàn)的19世紀(jì)20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要遠(yuǎn)得多。然而，浪漫主義文學(xué)往往有很多共性：他們熱心于道德、相信個人主義價值觀和對世界的直觀感受，并且他們認(rèn)為自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而人類社會則是墮落的根源。American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political , romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier ：浪漫主義階段涵蓋了19世紀(jì)前半頁?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義反對浪漫主義和感傷主義的謊言，它從一個陌生的世界轉(zhuǎn)向了普通人的真實(shí)生活的描寫。作為一種文化遺產(chǎn)，美國清教主義在早期美國人的思想上有著深刻的影響，他對美國文學(xué)的影響也是頗為持久的。就像這個詞所暗指的那樣，清教徒們想“清化”他們的宗教信仰和行為習(xí)慣。 Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American ：清教主義是新教徒的原來的一個分支——清教徒的行為和信仰。在反應(yīng)生活方面，自然主義作家往往表現(xiàn)出早期浪漫主義中感傷主義特征，但和浪漫主義不同的是，自然主義者認(rèn)為，世界缺乏道德，人不論男女都沒有自由的意愿，他們的生活都受到遺傳和環(huán)境的控制，人在生前過著悲慘的生活，死后便被人所遺忘。美國自然主義是在戰(zhàn)爭和影響人們早期信念的社會**的影響之下形成的。by the social upheavals（劇變）that undermined the forting faith of an earlier ’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of forting moral attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social （意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the from 1909 to movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy ： It was a plex and diverse（復(fù)雜多樣的）international movement in all the creative arts（創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)），originating about the end of the 19th provided（出現(xiàn)）the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th was made up of many facets（方面），such as symbolism，surrealism（超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義），cubism（立體主義），expressionism，futurism（未來主義），ect Lost generation： it refers to a group of young intellectuals（知識分子）who came back from war，were injured（受傷害）both physically（身體上）and mentally（精神上）.They lived by indulging（放任）themselves in theBohemian（波西米亞）way of American dream was disillusioned（破滅了）.The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard usually implies a successful and satisfying（知識界精華）and the freedoms guaranteed by the Harlem Renaissance：refers to the flowering of African American literature, art, and drama during the 1920s and centered in Harlem, New York, the movement impacted urban centers throughout the United novelists, poets, painters, and playwrights began creating works rooted in their own culture instead of imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans.第二篇：美國文學(xué)史及選讀名詞解釋 Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher naturalism had been shaped by the war。第一篇：美國文學(xué)史及選讀的名詞解釋(全) Puritanismit es from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th sin, predestination（預(yù)言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American , hardworking, piousness（虔誠,盡職），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were : the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th