【正文】 把意義相反的語(yǔ)言 2 0 0 9年第9期安徽文學(xué) 萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)單位并列在一起加以對(duì)照、比較，但是Contrast不像An運(yùn)用Contrast的作用 在于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)不是什么，而是什么，從而表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的 感情或態(tài)度。1960 年5月美國(guó)一架U一2間諜飛機(jī)入侵蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)空被蘇聯(lián)導(dǎo)彈 擊落。1961年1月，肯尼迪 上臺(tái)就主張“一手抓箭，一手橄欖枝”的“和平戰(zhàn)略”。Contrast修辭格的巧妙運(yùn)用無(wú)疑幫助肯尼迪表達(dá)了他不卑 不亢的對(duì)外政策。它指的是這樣一種修辭手法，即把意義相反或相對(duì)的語(yǔ) 言單位組織排列在平行、對(duì)稱的結(jié)構(gòu)里，以求取一種勻稱的形 式美和強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)照感。Antithesis可以體現(xiàn)在四個(gè) 層次上，單詞、短語(yǔ)、從句以及句子。如就職演說(shuō)開(kāi)篇第一段中Antithesis就運(yùn)用在了單詞和 短語(yǔ)上：Weobservetoday notavictoryofpartybutacelebrationof 丘eedom,symbolizing 811 end as well as a beginning,signifying renewal as well舔change．運(yùn)用Antithesis以強(qiáng)調(diào)今天的勝利不是一次政黨之間競(jìng) 選的勝利而是一次民主自由、人民選擇自己總統(tǒng)的慶典，不僅 象征著競(jìng)選活動(dòng)結(jié)束也象征著新的政府工作征程的開(kāi)始。除此之外，本篇演說(shuō)詞中大量的運(yùn)用Antithesis，比如：United，there is little We cannot do in a host ofcooperative ventures．Divided，there is little We call do，for we dare not meet a powful challenge at odds and split asunder ?my fellow Americans ask not what your colinay can dO for you；ask what you can do for your country． 這兩則例子流傳廣范。以上三種修辭格可以表現(xiàn)在單詞、短語(yǔ)、從句、句子甚至 段落上，它們對(duì)整篇演說(shuō)詞的影響不僅是微觀的而且是宏觀 的。因此，在演說(shuō)詞 中，這三種修辭格是運(yùn)用最普遍的。比如Metaphor(隱喻)、Alliteration(頭韻)、UnderstateLet the word go forth from this time and place，to friend and foe alike。?we shall pay any price，bear any burden，meet any hardship，support any friend，oppose any foe to assure the survival and the SUCceSS ofliberty．這則例子中，除了頭韻修辭格，還有平行修辭格。這是演說(shuō)詞的特點(diǎn)。例二中，作者用我們不敢示弱以誘惑敵人表達(dá)自己面對(duì) 蘇聯(lián)咄咄逼人氣勢(shì)不會(huì)屈服的態(tài)度。而作者用來(lái)指the final SUCCESS Or failure of Our course的行為，是 擬人的手法，賦予了語(yǔ)言活力和生動(dòng)性。此外一些修辭格使得文 章條理清晰，文章主旨明確。因此被人奉為經(jīng) 典，直至今天依然是修辭格和演說(shuō)詞學(xué)習(xí)的范本。2009． 【2】胡曙中現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2004． f3】張漢熙?？v觀美國(guó)各個(gè)時(shí)期的著名演講詞，都無(wú)一例外地運(yùn)用了各種修辭手段，下面對(duì)肯尼迪總統(tǒng)的《就職演說(shuō)》（Inaugural Address）中的修辭來(lái)作一下分析。）用紅色字體標(biāo)出的“beyond doubt”采用了重復(fù)（repetition）的修辭方法，它的重復(fù)，有效地強(qiáng)化了語(yǔ)意，更富節(jié)奏感，使演講更有氣勢(shì)，同時(shí)加深了聽(tīng)眾的印象。不是號(hào)召我們扛起武器，雖然我們需要武器；不是號(hào)召我們?nèi)プ鲬?zhàn)，雖然我們是準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)戰(zhàn)，而是號(hào)召我們肩負(fù)起一場(chǎng)陰森慘淡的長(zhǎng)期斗爭(zhēng)的重任…)這段采用了排比parallelism的修辭，而且將排比與重復(fù)（repetition）融合使用，既強(qiáng)調(diào)了文章，又使句子顯得整齊而不雷同，勻稱而不呆板?！啊璦nd to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.” 這一句運(yùn)用了比喻中的隱喻（metaphor）, 用比喻來(lái)闡述道理，使聽(tīng)眾于生動(dòng)的形象中得到啟發(fā)，受到感染，折服于演說(shuō)家。上面就對(duì)肯尼迪演講詞作了簡(jiǎn)略的分析，演講除了內(nèi)容主旨重要的同時(shí)，如果注意語(yǔ)言文字的修辭，無(wú)疑對(duì)于提高演講的表達(dá)力與說(shuō)服力大有裨益。第三篇：肯尼迪就職演講肯尼迪就職演講約翰第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中肯尼迪加入美國(guó)海軍，在對(duì)日作戰(zhàn)中負(fù)傷。他在1953 年9月12 日與杰奎琳1960年肯尼迪參加總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選。1961年，肯尼迪在選民投票過(guò)程中以極小的差距贏得總統(tǒng)的位置，擊敗了共和黨人尼克松，成為美國(guó)歷史上最年輕的總統(tǒng)，也是第一個(gè)羅馬天主教總統(tǒng)?！弊鳛榭偨y(tǒng)，他開(kāi)始履行他的競(jìng)選承諾再次使美國(guó)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來(lái)。任職開(kāi)始就遇到了美國(guó)入侵古巴慘敗的事實(shí)。他給予民族文化的質(zhì)量和藝術(shù)在一起至關(guān)重要的社會(huì)中心角色。由于發(fā)展和和平小組的聯(lián)盟，他對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的幫助為美國(guó)人帶來(lái)理想主義。we observe today not a victory of party，but a celebration of freedomsymbolizing an end，as well as a beginningsignifying renewal，as well as I have sworn I before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears l prescribed nearly a century and three quarters world is very different man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globethe belief that the rights of man e not from the generosity of the state，but from the hand of dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first the word go forth from this time and place，to friend and foe alike，that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americansborn in this century，tempered by war，disciplined by a hard and bitter peace，proud of our ancient heritageand unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been mitted，and to which we are mitted today at home and around the every nation know，whether it wishes us well or ill，that we shall pay any price，bear any burden，meet any hardship，support any friend，oppose any foe，in order to assure the survival and the success of much we pledgeand those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share，we pledge the loyalty of faithful ，there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ，there is little we can dofor we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split those new States whom we wele to the ranks of the free，we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron shall not always expect to find them supporting our we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedomand to remember that，in the past，those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the