【正文】
鐘失去知覺,皮膚接觸甲醚時(shí)易凍傷。 二甲醚的毒性:二甲醚為弱麻醉劑,對(duì)呼吸道有輕微的刺激作用,長(zhǎng)期接觸使皮膚發(fā)紅、水腫、生皰。氣體比空氣重,能在較低處擴(kuò)散到相當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)的地方,遇明火會(huì)引著回燃。接觸熱、火星、火焰或氧化劑易燃燒爆炸。 [1] 二甲醚的危險(xiǎn)特性 : 二甲醚為 易燃?xì)怏w。二甲醚在常溫下是一種無(wú)色氣體,具有輕微的醚香味。 產(chǎn)品要求:二甲醚≥ 99% 產(chǎn)品規(guī)格、性質(zhì)及用途 (一 ) 產(chǎn)品規(guī)格:二甲醚≥ 99%(質(zhì)量含量) (二 ) 二甲醚性質(zhì) 物理性質(zhì) :二甲醚亦稱甲醚,英文 dimethylether,英文縮寫 DME,化學(xué)分子式(CH3OCH3),分子量為 ,是重要的甲醇衍生物,沸點(diǎn) 24℃,凝固點(diǎn) 140℃。 關(guān)鍵詞 :二甲醚 分離 三元體系 精餾 北京理工大學(xué)珠海學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) II Annual output of 30,000 tons of dimethyl ether distillation section in the design of separation device ABSTRACT In recent years, DME has bee an alternative channel of international oil and new secondary energy and hot topics, That aroused national concern and attention. Preparation of dimethyl ether mainly methanol dehydration and Onestep synthesis. With the traditional methanol synthesis pared to synthesis of dimethyl ether, onestep synthesis of dimethyl ether process more rational economy, more petitive in the market and it is moving towards industrialization. Currently, synthesis gas to dimethyl ether is the latest technology Preparation of dimethyl ether. Compared with methanol dehydration, system of direct synthesis of DME as the existence of unreacted synthesis gas and carbon dioxide finished. If it want to get high purity dimethyl ether, more plicated separation process. Developed mainly in the separation process such as chemical absorption and distillation unit operation in the process of dimethyl ether with higher purity product. This design aimed at separating the distillation process for process design, separation of dimethyl ether, methanol and water ternary system. Design of distillation towers used valve. Use the whole top of the tower condenser cooling device used to accurately control the reflux ratio. Bottom of the column of steam heating by steam to provide sufficient heat. Obtained by calculating the number of theoretical plates, tower efficiency, the actual plate number, feed location. The main tower in the plate design and calculation of process dimensions derived column diameter, the effective tower, sieve number. Checking through the sieve of fluid mechanics, to prove that the indicator data are in line with standards to ensure the smooth progress of distillation process and to improve efficiency as much as possible Keywords: DME separate ternary system distillation 北京理工大學(xué)珠海學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) III 目 錄 摘要 ................................................. I ABSTRACT ............................................. II 1 緒論 ............................................... 1 概述 ................................................... 1 設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù) .............................................. 1 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)模及設(shè)計(jì)要求 .................................... 1 產(chǎn)品規(guī)格、性質(zhì)及 用途 .................................. 1 技術(shù)來(lái)源 .............................................. 3 二甲醚分離裝置流程 ...................................... 6 2 精餾塔的工藝計(jì)算 .................................... 8 精餾塔的物料衡算 ........................................ 8 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù) .............................................. 8 物料衡算 .............................................. 8 精餾塔工藝計(jì)算 ......................................... 10 物料衡算 ............................................. 10 操作條件的確定 ....................................... 10 精餾塔設(shè)備計(jì)算 ......................................... 12 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù) ............................................. 12 塔板數(shù)的確定 ......................................... 15 精餾塔主要尺寸計(jì)算 ................................... 18 塔板結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) ......................................... 21 塔板流體力學(xué)驗(yàn)算 ..................................... 26 塔板負(fù)荷性能圖 ...................................... 29 塔高的計(jì)算 ........................................... 33 3 熱量衡算 ........................................... 35 數(shù)據(jù) .................................................. 35 北京理工大學(xué)珠海學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) IV 冷凝器的熱負(fù)荷 ......................................... 35 再沸器的熱負(fù)荷 ......................................... 36 冷卻水消耗量和加熱蒸汽消耗量 ........................... 38 4 主要設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)和選型 .................................. 39 接管的設(shè)計(jì) ............................................. 39 進(jìn)料管 ............................................... 39 回流管 ............................................... 39 釜 液出口管 ........................................... 39 塔頂蒸汽管 ........................................... 40 加熱蒸汽管 ........................................... 40 冷凝器的選型 ........................................... 41 5 結(jié)論 ............................................... 42 參考文獻(xiàn) ............................................. 43 附錄 ................................................. 44 謝辭 ................................................. 46 北京理工大學(xué)珠海學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 1 1 緒論 概述 設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù) 根據(jù)北京理工大學(xué)珠海學(xué)院下達(dá)的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書,模擬現(xiàn)有的漿態(tài)床一步法二甲醚合成產(chǎn)業(yè)化技術(shù),對(duì)二甲醚分離裝置中的精餾工段進(jìn)行工藝設(shè)計(jì)。通過(guò)篩板的流體力學(xué)驗(yàn)算,證明各指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)均符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。精餾塔采用浮閥塔,塔頂冷凝裝置采用全凝器,用來(lái)準(zhǔn)確控制回流比;塔底采用水蒸氣蒸汽加熱,以提供足夠的熱量。開發(fā)中的分離工藝主要采用吸收和精餾等化工單元操作過(guò) 程得到純度較高的二甲醚產(chǎn)品。與傳統(tǒng)的甲醇合成二甲醚相比,一步法合成二甲醚工藝經(jīng)濟(jì)更加合理,在市場(chǎng)更具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,正在走向工業(yè)化。北京理工大學(xué)珠海學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) I 年產(chǎn) 萬(wàn)噸二甲醚裝 置分離精餾工段的設(shè)計(jì) 摘 要 近年來(lái),二甲醚已成為國(guó)際石油替代途徑與新型二次能源的熱點(diǎn)課題,引起各國(guó)關(guān)注與重視。 二甲醚的制備主要有甲醇脫水法和合成氣一步法兩種。目前,制取二甲醚的最新技術(shù)是從合成氣直接制取,相比較甲醇脫水制二甲醚而言,一步法合成二甲醚因?yàn)轶w系存在有未反應(yīng)完的合成氣以及二氧化碳,要得到純度較高的二甲醚,分離過(guò)程比較復(fù)雜。本設(shè)計(jì)主要針對(duì)分離中的精餾工序進(jìn)行工藝設(shè)計(jì),分離二甲醚、甲醇和水三元體系。通過(guò)計(jì)算得出理論板數(shù),塔效率,實(shí)際板數(shù),進(jìn)料位置,在板式塔主要工藝尺寸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算中得出塔徑,有效塔高,篩孔數(shù)。以保證精餾過(guò)程的順利進(jìn)行并使效率盡可能的提高。 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)模及設(shè)計(jì)要求 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)模:年產(chǎn) 萬(wàn)噸二甲醚分離裝置(合成氣一步法), 設(shè)計(jì)該 分離 裝 置中精餾工段 工藝 ,精餾裝置采用浮閥塔。二甲醚是一種含氧有機(jī)化合物,溶于水,在大氣中可以降解,屬于環(huán)境友好型物質(zhì)。二甲醚無(wú)腐蝕性、無(wú)毒,在空氣中長(zhǎng)期暴露不會(huì)形成過(guò)氧化物,燃燒時(shí)火焰略帶光亮。與空氣混合能形成爆炸性混合物。接觸空氣或在光照條件下可生成具有潛 在爆炸危險(xiǎn)性的過(guò)氧化物。若遇高熱,容器內(nèi)壓增大,有開裂和爆炸的危險(xiǎn)。濃度為 %(體積)時(shí),吸入 12 分鐘后僅自感不適??諝庵性试S濃度為 400ppm[1]。二甲醚在常溫常壓下為無(wú)色無(wú)味氣體 ,在一定壓力下為液體 ,其液化氣與 LPG 性能相似 ,貯存于液化氣鋼瓶中的壓力為 Pa,小于LPG 壓力 ( Pa),因而可以代替煤氣 、石油液化氣用作民用燃料。二甲醚液化氣在室溫下壓力符合現(xiàn)有 LPG 要求 ,可用現(xiàn)有的 LPG 氣罐集中統(tǒng)一盛裝 ,儲(chǔ)運(yùn)安全 ,組成穩(wěn)定 ,無(wú)殘液 ,可完全利用 。二甲醚可按一定比例摻入液化氣中和液化氣一起燃燒 ,可使液化氣燃燒更