【正文】 d) a process to produce stronger steel Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here. Chapter 22, Section The World of Cities ? What was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800s? ? How had cities changed by 1900? ? How did workingclass struggles lead to improved conditions for workers? 2 Chapter 22, Section Population Explosion Between 1800 and 1900, the population of Europe more than doubled. This rapid growth was not due to larger families. Instead, population soared because the death rate fell. The drop in the death rate can be attributed to the following: ?People ate better. ?Medical knowledge increased. ?Public sanitation improved. ?Hygiene improved. 2 Year Male Female 1850 years years 1870 years years 1890 years years 1910 years years Chapter 22, Section Advances in Medicine JOSEPH LISTER discovered how antiseptic prevented infection. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE insisted on better hygiene in wartime field hospitals, introduced sanitary measures in British hospitals, and founded the world’s first nursing school. ROBERT KOCH identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis. LOUIS PASTEUR proved the link between microbes and disease, developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax, and discovered the process of pasteurization, the killing of diseasecarrying microbes in milk. Improved medicine and hygiene played a major role in increasing life expectancy in the industrialized world. 2 Chapter 22, Section City Life ? Settlement patterns shifted: the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center. ? Paved streets, gas lamps, anized police forces, and expanded fire protection made cities safer and more livable. ? Architects began building soaring skyscrapers made of steel. ? Sewage systems improved public health. As industrialization progressed, cities came to dominate the West. At the same time, city life underwent dramatic changes. 2 Chapter 22, Section WorkingClass Struggles Workers protested to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life. At first, business owners tried to silence protesters, strikes and unions were illegal, and demonstrations were crushed. By midcentury, workers slowly began to make progress: ? Workers formed mutualaid societies, selfhelp groups to aid sick or injured workers. ? Workers won the right to anize unions. ? Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions. ? Governments established oldage pensions and disability insurance. ? The standard of living improved. 2 Chapter 22, Section The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect 2 Causes ? Increased agricultural productivity ? Growing population ? New sources of energy, such as steam and coal ? Growing demand for textiles and other mass produced goods ? Improved technology ? Available natural resources, labor, and money ? Strong, stable governments that promoted economic growth Immediate Effects ? Rise of factories ? Changes in transportation and munication ? Urbanization ? New methods of production ? Rise of urban working class ? Growth of reform movements LongTerm Effects ? Growth of labor unions ? Inexpensive new products ? Spre