【正文】
eel solid solution nitriding Abstract:Stainless steel from the beginning of the twentieth Century invention has less than a hundred years, but its development and application of the momentum very quickly. Especially from the nineteen sixties since the end of the world, stainless steel production base to maintain an average annual growth rate of 4%, the application of stainless steel is gradually extended to all areas of the national economy. Stainless steel can be so swift and violent development, an important factor in its corrosion resistance, heat resistance. Stainless steel heat treatment process the quality of stainless steel corrosion resistance, heat resistance have great influence on the processing of stainless steel, but also plays a decisive role in the performance. Therefore, stainless steel heat treatment technology in stainless steel production process has been in a very important position.Austenitic stainless steel with high plasticity, high corrosion resistance, good welding performance, toughness and low temperature toughness, nonmagnetic, easy processing advantages, so that in the petroleum, chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries are widely used. But due to low hardness, wear resistance of austenitic stainless steel is used, subject to certain restrictions. In order to improve the hardness and wear resistance of austenitic stainless steel, is widely applied on the surface of austenitic stainless steel nitriding. The traditional stainless steel nitriding process can improve the hardness of stainless steel,but in the nitride layer precipitated nitride, nitride at austenite grain boundaries due to preferential growth, consumption of chromium, lead in austenite matrix of chromium decreased, the results made of stainless steel corrosion resistance decreased by solid solution nitriding of austenitic stainless steel will not only improve the hardness and wear resistance, but also improve its corrosion resistance.Keywords : Stainless steel Solid solution nitriding Hardness Wear resistance目錄1 緒論為了提高奧氏體不銹鋼的硬度和耐磨性,應(yīng)用較多的是對(duì)奧氏體不銹鋼表面進(jìn)行氮化處理。因此,不銹鋼的熱處理工藝在不銹鋼的生產(chǎn)過程中一直處于十分重要的地位。不銹鋼之所以能得到如此迅猛的發(fā)展,一個(gè)重要的因素是其具有耐蝕、耐熱性。摘要不銹鋼從20世紀(jì)初發(fā)明至今不足百年的時(shí)間,但其發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的勢頭卻異常迅猛。特別是從20世紀(jì)60年代末以來,全世界不銹鋼的產(chǎn)量基本保持年均4%的增長率,不銹鋼的應(yīng)用范圍逐步擴(kuò)大到了國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。不銹鋼熱處理工藝的優(yōu)劣對(duì)不銹鋼的耐蝕、耐熱性有很大影響,而且對(duì)不銹鋼的加工性能起著決定性的作用。奧氏體不銹鋼的高塑性、高耐蝕性、良好的焊接性能、韌性和和低溫韌性、無磁性、易加工的優(yōu)點(diǎn),使其在石油、化工、耐磨性較差,使用受到一定的限制。傳統(tǒng)的不銹鋼氮化工藝雖然提高了不銹鋼的硬度,卻在氮化層中析出了氮化物,由于氮化物在奧氏體晶界擇優(yōu)生長,消耗了鉻,導(dǎo)致奧氏體基體中的鉻減少,結(jié)果使不銹鋼的耐蝕性下降采用固溶滲氮工藝不但提高了奧氏體不銹鋼的硬度和耐磨性,而且提高了其耐蝕性能。7 不銹鋼的主要作用9 鐵素體不銹鋼10 沉淀硬化型不銹鋼122 奧氏體不銹鋼固溶滲氮12 試驗(yàn)材料及方法14 顯微硬度16 X射線分析18 極化曲線193 滲氮溫度對(duì)奧氏體不銹鋼性能的影響20 試驗(yàn)材料及方法21 結(jié)果與討論24 心部和表面層顯微組織的關(guān)系26 工業(yè)固溶滲氮28 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與討論其特點(diǎn)是改善工件的內(nèi)在質(zhì)量,而這一般不是肉眼所能看到的。目前已完成了實(shí)驗(yàn)和理論兩方面的研究。傳統(tǒng)的不銹鋼滲氮工藝,一般采用的溫度為500~ 6OO℃。為提高滲氮層深度,就必須提高溫度,加快擴(kuò)散,井延長滲氮時(shí)間。因此滲氮層淺一直是滲氮工藝中存在的問題。若不銹鋼中的奧氏體不穩(wěn)定,在淬火過程中轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)轳R氏體,那么固溶滲氮和傳統(tǒng)的滲氮工藝有很大的差別,而是與表面淬火更接近。高硬度的馬氏體表面層對(duì)不銹鋼軸承、工具和齒輪很有利;而高強(qiáng)度和韌性的奧氏體表面層可提高不銹鋼件(如液流機(jī)械中的泵和閥門等)的耐空氣和液體的腐蝕性。實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,常將耐弱腐蝕介質(zhì)腐蝕的鋼稱為不銹鋼,而將耐化學(xué)介質(zhì)腐蝕的鋼稱為耐酸鋼。不銹鋼的耐蝕性取決于鋼中所含的合金元素。 不銹鋼的分類不銹鋼常按組織狀態(tài)分為:馬氏體鋼、鐵素體鋼、奧氏體鋼及沉淀硬化不銹鋼等。鐵素體不銹鋼:含鉻12%~30%。鐵素體不銹鋼因?yàn)楹t量高,耐腐蝕性能與抗氧化性能均比較好,但機(jī)械性能與工藝性能較差,多用于受力不大的耐酸結(jié)構(gòu)及作抗氧化鋼使用。奧氏體不銹鋼:含鉻大于18%,還含有 8%左右的鎳及少量鉬、鈦、氮等元素。奧氏體不銹鋼的常用牌號(hào)有1Cr18Ni0Cr19Ni9等。這類鋼中含有大量的Ni和Cr,使鋼在室溫下呈奧氏體狀態(tài)。奧氏體不銹鋼一般采用固溶處理,即將鋼加熱至1050~1150℃,然后水冷,以獲得單相奧氏體組織。奧氏體和鐵素體組織各約占一半的不銹鋼。有些鋼還含有Mo、Cu、Si、Nb、Ti,N等合金元素。與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,強(qiáng)度高且耐晶間腐蝕和耐氯化物應(yīng)力腐蝕有明顯提高。 馬氏體不銹鋼:強(qiáng)度高,但塑性和可焊性較差。這類鋼是在淬火、回火處理后使用的。不銹鋼還是建筑用金屬材料中強(qiáng)度最高的材料之一。含鉻不銹鋼還集機(jī)械強(qiáng)度和高延伸性于一身,易于部件的加工制造,可滿足建筑師和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)人員的需要。特別是從 20世紀(jì)60年代末以來,全世界不銹鋼的產(chǎn)量基本保持年均4%的增長率,不銹鋼的應(yīng)用范圍逐步擴(kuò)大到了國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。不銹鋼熱處理工藝的優(yōu)劣對(duì)不銹鋼的耐蝕、耐熱性有很大影響,而且對(duì)不銹鋼的加工性能起著決定性的作用。不銹鋼的熱處理是為了改變其物理性能、力學(xué)性能、殘余應(yīng)力及恢復(fù)由于預(yù)先加工和加熱受到嚴(yán)重影響的抗腐蝕能力,以便得到不銹鋼的最佳使用性能或者使不銹鋼能夠進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的冷、熱加工。不銹鋼是一種特殊的鋼種,鋼中的鎳、鉻含量很高,由于鎳、鉻等合金化元素的存在,其熱處理具有普通鋼熱處理所不具備的特點(diǎn):加熱溫度較高,加熱時(shí)間也相對(duì)較長;不銹鋼的導(dǎo)熱率低,在低溫時(shí)溫度均勻性差;奧氏體型不銹鋼高溫膨脹較嚴(yán)重; 爐內(nèi)氣氛控制很重要,要防止出現(xiàn)滲碳、滲氮及脫碳和過氧化現(xiàn)象;不銹鋼的表面