【正文】 word or an action is employed, it cannot be retracted.3)All the elements of munication constantly interact with each other.4)Inattention pervades our munication behavior.8. Forms of intercultural munication1)Interracial munication(when source and receiver are from different races).2)Interethnic munication(situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins).3)Intracultural munication(munication between members of the same culture, including racial, ethnic, and other cocultures).9. What are values?Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. These rules teach us what is useful, good, right, wrong, what to strive for, how to live a life, what to die for, etc.10. What do you think are dominant American cultures?1)Individualism 2) Equality 3)Materialism 4)Science and technology 5)Progress and change 6)Work and leisure 7)Competition11.. Nonverbal munication and culture?Nonverbal munication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation, and both involve shared understanding.Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlying attitudes and values.Studying nonverbal behavior can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism. characteristics１０1)Dominant Speaks frequently and controls conversations2)Dramatic Very expressive language. Often exaggerates and embellishes.3)Contentious Argumentative and often hostile.4)Animated Energetic and expressive gestures, facial expressions, and the like 5)ImpressionLeaving States ideas and feelings in an indelible fashion.6)Relaxed Calm, fortable, and seldom nervous around others7)Attentive Good listener. Often verbal and nonverbal encouragement to the speaker8)Open Disclose personal information. Shows emotions and feelings.9)Friendly Offers positive feedback and encouragement13. Guidelines for an intercultural ethics 1） Be mindful of the consequences of your actions2） Seek monalties among people and cultures3） Recognize the validity of differences4） Take individual responsibility for your actions14. Intercultural studies the approaches（2 hrs）1） Comparative studies。s often the subordinates who will take the initiative in talking whereas the boss remains silent. And then after the subordinates have talked for some time, and the boss will start saying something. 31. We can understand a culture’s sense of time by learning about how members of that culture view informal time.Attitudes towards time appear in the ways people conceive of the past, present, and future. sends us nonverbal cues concerning the munication situations in which we participate. munication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a munication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value of the source or receiver.Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional. Communication Interact with people in their social roles35Most of our relationships start at the Iit level, and develop for there. Closer relationships move to the second level, IYou. 36. In “IYou” munication, people interact with one another as more than objects. 37Casual friends, work associates, and interactions with distant family members typically involve IYou munication. Communication The highest level of human interaction: move beyond social roles and into the uniqueness of the individual. IThou dialogues, we assume trust and are likely to disclose deep, more private, aspects of selves: munication patterns between lovers, parent and child, among siblings and in very close friendships are a primary vehicle for teaching cultural values no longer teach only Eurocentric cultural values。 t know. and then shrug his shoulders, or he may just shrug his shoulders and do not say anything. This particular gesture is a gesture of AngloAmericans.23. Putting your middle finger on top of you forefingerWishing somebody good luck.24Beckoning (Chinese vs. Americans)In China：palm down。s shoulders means:I don39。s impact on language at stylistic levelIn English, a plain style is preferred.In Chinese, fourword phrases are sometimes used. More allusions and quotations are used.21. The core of uncertainty avoidance the future is unknownUncertainty and avoidance indicate the extent to which a culture feels threatened by or anxious about uncertain and ambiguous situations.Highuncertaintyavoidance cultures try to avoid uncertainty and ambiguous by providing stability for their members, establishing more formal rules, not tolerating deviant ideas and behaviors, seeking consensus, and believing in absolute truths and the attainment of expertise.As a whole, members of lowuncertaintyavoidance cultures are less tense and more relaxed – traits reflected in the Irish proverb “Life should be a dance, not a race.” one39。 b. the issue of intentionality and unintentionality.Complexity of CommunicationIntentional and Unintentional behaviorComponents of Communication6. Complexity of CommunicationHuman munication is a subtle and ingenious set of processes. It is always thick with a thousand ingredients – signals, codes, meanings – no matter how simple the message or transaction.Neurologists look at what the brain and the nervous system do.Psychologist are apt to examine issues related to perceptionLinguists inspect the language people use. (1989) states that “the individual and society are antecedent and consequent of each other: every person is at once a creator of society and its most obvious product.”： The hazards of studying intercultural munication are over generalizing and forgetting how plex the nature of human behavior is.We are more than our culture. We are independent, thinkin