【正文】 loSaxons converted to Christianity. IV．Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵 1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英國從公元446年到1066年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物。英語國家概況精講系列（四） Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The AnglosSaxons’ invasion。其次，在四世紀(jì)對羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。 for limited Roman influence on Britain. 羅馬對不列顛的影響有限的原因。他們還很好地利用了英國的自然資源。將近四百年里，英國人處于羅馬人的占領(lǐng)下，但這并非是完全的占領(lǐng)。公元前55年和54年，羅馬將軍朱略斯?凱撒兩次入侵英國，均未成功。英語國家概況精講系列（二） V. The People 人口 difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish: 英倫三島民族的祖先： The ancestors of the English are AngloSaxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 英語國家概況精講系列（三） Chapter 2 第二章 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC1066) 英國的起源（公元前5000年—1066年） 3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。 降雨量： Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 英國全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過1000毫米。冬天，海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用； 2）The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate。 factors influence the climate in Britain: 影響英國氣候的因素： 1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer。s favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件： Britain has a maritime climatewinters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英國屬于海洋性氣候：冬季不過于寒冷，夏季不過于炎熱。面積為396平方公里。全長336公里。全長338公里。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼維斯山為英國最高峰，海拔1,343米。 north and west of Britain are mainly highlands。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50個成員國。首府：貝爾法斯特。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。 the Central lowlands。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。 British Isles are made up of two large islandsGreat Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列顛群島由兩個大島—大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。一、翻譯題分constitutional monarchy 君主立憲制 the Monarch 君主 Parliament 議會 House of Commons 平民院/下議院 The Government Party執(zhí)政黨 Royal Assent御準(zhǔn)（女王批準(zhǔn)）Shadow Cabinet 影子內(nèi)閣 jury system 陪審團(tuán)制 the Conservative Party 保守黨 the Labour Party 工黨 mon law 習(xí)慣法 Crown Courts 王室法院 The Celts 凱爾特人AngloSaxons 盎格魯薩克遜人 Norman Conquest 諾曼征服 The Great Charter 大憲章The Hundred Years’ War 百年大戰(zhàn) The Black Death黑死病 Renaissance 文藝復(fù)興Humanists 人文主義者 the Great Lakes大湖區(qū) Secretary of State國務(wù)卿 The US Congress 國會 the House of Representatives眾議院 The Judicial Branch司法部門 the Supreme Court最高法院 the Boston Tea Party波士頓傾茶事件 、The Bill of Rights人權(quán)法案 The StarSpangled Banner星條旗 The Monroe Doctrine門羅主義 Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言/廢奴宣言 Frontiersman拓荒者 The Civil War內(nèi)戰(zhàn) The Westward Movement西進(jìn)運(yùn)動英語國家概況精講系列（一） Chapter 1 第一章 Land and People 英國的國土與人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分 names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。 name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north。 the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。首府：愛丁堡。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。 Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英聯(lián)邦是曾為英國殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨立國家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。 II. Geographical Features 英國的地理特征 position of Britain: 英國的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英國是一個島國。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。 and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。 Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英國最長的河流。 Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英國第二大河，也是英國最重要的河。 Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres). 訥湖（內(nèi)伊湖）是英國最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。 IV. Climate 氣候 1. Britain39。全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。 環(huán)繞四周的海水。 一年四季盛行的西南風(fēng)和西風(fēng)在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜； 3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. 北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。 英國北部、西部雨量過多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。 4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. II. Roman Britain (55BC410AD) 羅馬人統(tǒng)治時期的英國（公元前55年—410年） recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain