【正文】 the production of oral consonants while the lowering of the soft palate brings about the production of nasal consonants. 軟腭的上提會導(dǎo)致口腔輔音的形成，而軟腭的下降會導(dǎo)致鼻腔輔音的形成。(2010年1月考題)7. According to the position of the velum, consonants are divided into oral consonants and nasal consonants .根據(jù)軟腭的位置，輔音被分成口腔輔音和鼻腔輔音。5. Acoustic phonetics deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker’s mouth to the listener’s ears.　聲學(xué)語音學(xué)研究聲音是如何從說話者的口中傳入聽話者的耳朵中的。一個元音一般是通過聲帶振動所形成的。2. The vocal tract （發(fā)音系統(tǒng)）can be divided into two parts: the oral cavity and nasal cavity .　發(fā)音系統(tǒng)可以被分成兩種：口腔和鼻腔。20. A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same subsystem of the language .　縱聚合關(guān)系是話語中的一種語言成分和話語之外的語言成分之間的一種關(guān)系，但是都屬于語言的同一種子系統(tǒng)。18. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences .語義學(xué)是對單詞和句子的意義研究。（2009年10月考題）16. Morphology examines word formation and the internal structure of words .　形態(tài)學(xué)研究的是單詞的構(gòu)成和單詞的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)。14. Semantic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning of language ,including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.　語義知識是當?shù)卣Z言者關(guān)于語言意義的知識，包括單詞意義和句子意義。12. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how a word is formed .　形態(tài)學(xué)知識是當?shù)卣Z言者關(guān)于單詞是如何形成的知識。10. A syntagmatic relation （橫組合關(guān)系）refers to the sequential characteristic of 。8. Saussure is the father of modern linguistics .　索緒爾是“現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)之父”。6. Langue or petence is abstract and not directly observed ,while parole or performance is concrete and directly observable . 語言或者語言能力是抽象的，是不能直接觀察的，而言語或者語言語用是具體的，是能直接觀察的。4. Syntax studies two kinds of rules : phrase structure rules and transformational rules .　句法學(xué)研究兩種規(guī)則：短語結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則和轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則。（2009年10月考題）2. In de Saussure’s term, langue refers to the system of language and parole refers to the speaker’s speech . 根據(jù)索緒爾的定義，語言指的是語言的體系，而言語指的是說話者的語言。（2009年10月考題）6. By saying language is creative ,we mean that every language contains an infinite number of sentences ,which ,however are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words .當說語言具有創(chuàng)造性的時候，我們指每種語言都包括無數(shù)的句子，而這些句子由有限的規(guī)則和有限的單詞所構(gòu)造的。 languages have such design features as productivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人類語言具有以下的甄別性特征：能產(chǎn)性，離散性，不受時空限制的特性，任意性，文化傳遞性，雙重性和互換性。并且為什么以這種形式而不是以那種形式來表明某種特殊的意義。 完美WORD格式 27037語言學(xué)概論復(fù)習精華第一章緒論填空題或選擇題1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.　一個符號由兩個部分組成：一個具體的形式和它所表達的意思。 saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form is pronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..　當說語言是任意的，我們指我們不能合理地解釋為什么這個音以這種形式而不是以那種形式發(fā)音。3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaningless level.　語言有兩個層次：語法上有意義的層次和聲音上無意義的層次。 is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’s actual speech or writing .　語言是一種體系，因為每種語言都是由一套規(guī)則組成的，這些規(guī)則表明了人們的真正語言或書面形式。第二章語言學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. According to John Lyons , general linguistics deals with language in general and descriptive linguistics（描寫語言學(xué)） is concerned with one particular language .　根據(jù)約翰，普遍語言學(xué)把語言作為一個整體進行研究，而描寫語言學(xué)關(guān)注一種特定的語言。（2009年10月考題）3. Phonology is the science that deals with the sound system.　音位學(xué)是研究語音系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)。5. According to Chomsky ,petence is “the speakerhearer’s knowledge of his language ”.while performance is “the actual use of language in concrete situations”.　根據(jù)喬姆斯基，語言能力是語言使用者所具有的知識，而語言運用是這種知識在具體情況下的實際運用。7. The scientific method involves four stages：collecting data ,forming a hypothesis , testing the hypothesis , drawing conclusions. 科學(xué)的研究方法涉及四個階段：收集材料，提出假設(shè)，驗證假設(shè)，得出結(jié)論。9. The synchronic study of a language is concerned with a “state” of a language at a particular point of time.　語言的共時性研究關(guān)注的是處于某一時間點的語言所做的描述。11. Phonological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language .　音位知識是當?shù)卣Z言者關(guān)于他語言的語音和語音模式的知識。13. Syntactic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not .　句法知識是當?shù)卣Z言者關(guān)于一個句子是否合乎語法的知識。15. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds of all human 。17. Syntax is concerned with how words are bined to form phrases and how phrases are bined by rules to form sentences .　句法學(xué)關(guān)注單詞是如何組合成短語以及短語是如何通過規(guī)則形成句子的。(2010年1月考題)19. A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of a language over a period of time.　歷時性研究關(guān)注的是語言經(jīng)過一定時間階段所發(fā)生的歷史變化。（2009年10月考題）第三章語音學(xué)