【正文】 ita has less than doubled in both urban and rural areas, health expenditure per admission and/or per outpatient visit has more than quadrupled. Subsequently, while the cost of an episode of hospitalization was about 74% of a rural resident39。 Zhao, 2022), leading China to have one of the highest ratios of outofpocket payments to total health expenditure in all of Asia, especially when pared to those countries that provide universal coverage through established national or social health insurance schemes ( Yip amp。s growth of health expenditure relative to its ine growth has thus far exceeded that of international experience. In addition to the unnecessary costs this incurs, the wasteful treatment patterns behind such rapid health expenditure growth can also harm patients. With limited insurance coverage, rapid health expenditure growth creates an additional force impinging on households39。s health care expenditure has been growing at 16% per year—7% faster than the growth of GDP— for the past two decades ( Blumenthal amp。 worth of drugs to earn just one dollar of profit. Compounding the problem further is the collusion between providers and the pharmaceutical sector. Hospitals receive kickbacks from drug panies for prescribing their products, and doctors39。 profit seeking behavior. This behavior, in turn, is the result of a bination of interrelated policies, including the underfunding of public facilities, distorted price schedules, and high drug markups. Although the majority of Chinese health facilities are publicly owned, they rely heavily on revenuegenerating activities for financial survival. Consequently, while most health facilities are ―public‖ in terms of ownership, they are really ―private, forprofit‖ in terms of behavior. As of the early 1990s, government subsidies for public health facilities have represented a mere 10% of the facilities39。s health care reform, the greatest discontents voiced by the public are unaffordable access to health care, impoverishment due to heavy medical expenses (monly known in Chinese as ―kan bing nan, kan bing gui‖), and huge inequalities across regions and between urban and rural areas ( Hsiao, 2022). What are the underlying causes of these dismalconditions? One monly cited reason for unaffordable access and household impoverishment is the lack of insurance coverage. As recently as 2022, close to 90% of the rural population had no insurance coverage. In the urban areas, only around half of the population is covered, nearly all of whom are formal sector employees. Workers39。 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi: 614 W. Yip, W. Hsiao / China Economic Review 20 (2022) 613–619 2. Problems confronting China39。s reform initiatives address these problems. We argue that while China39。s health reform have yet to be announced, although a set of over twenty panion policies are expected to be published soon. This assessment therefore focuses on the fundamental principles underlying the reform. We first provide an overview of the root causes of the problems confronting China39。s health care reform achieve its intended goals? Drawing on economic theories and existing empirical evidence from China and elsewhere, the primary objective of this paper is to provide a preliminary answer to this question. An assessment of China39。 (4) reform the pharmaceutical market。 (2) increase government spending on public health services, especially in lowerine regions, with the goal of equalizing public health spending across regions。 Chen, 2022). President Hu clearly stated that the goal of the reform is to assure that every citizen has equal access to affordable basic health care by 2022. The announced policy explicitly states the government39。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文） 外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 譯文題目： 宿遷模式與醫(yī)療體制改革的政府邊界 學(xué)生姓名： 夏文靜 學(xué) 號(hào)： 0921405067 專 業(yè)： 行政管理 所在學(xué)院： 龍?bào)磳W(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師： 李建令 職 稱： 講師 2022年 03 月 01 日 China Economic Review 20 (2022) 613–619 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect China Economic Review China39。s health care reform: A tentative assessment Winnie YIP a, , William HSIAO b,1 a University of Oxford, Department of Public Health, Health Economics Research Center, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom b Department of Health Policy and Management, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, 124 Mt. Auburn, Cambridge MA 02138, United States 1. Introduction After years of intense discussion, deliberation and debate, in April, 2022 China finally unveiled its healthcare reform plan ( Anonymous, 2022a。s role of ensuring equity and providing public goods, while at the same time also encouraging the exploration of market mechanisms such as purchasing and petition to improve quality and efficiency. Implicitly, China is searching for the right mix of government and market, a fundamental question that countries around the world are still struggling to answer. The Chinese government announced that it will spend an additional 850 billion RMB (USD 125 billion) over the next three years to invest in five specific areas: (1) expand insurance coverage with a target of achieving universal coverage by 2022, with significant demand subsidies for the rural population to enroll in the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) and for the urban uninsured to enroll in the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URBMI)。 (3) establish primarycare facilities—munity health centers in urban areas and township health centers in rural areas—which will serve as gatekeepers in the long run。 and (5) pilot test public hospital