【正文】 nt Sumerians.O It influenced the choice of material on which it was written.O It was understood by very few Sumerians.7. According to paragraph 4, how did the Akkadians use the Sumerian language?O They used Sumerian for speaking but used their own national language for writing.O They used the plex cuneiform signs developed by the Babylonians and Assyrians rather than the Sumerian signs.O They developed their own cuneiform shapes on clay tablets to replace those used by the Sumerians.O They assigned new sound and word values to the signs of Sumerian cuneiform.8. Paragraph 4 answers all the following questions about Sumerian writing in the period after the Sumerians were conquered EXCEPT:O Did Sumerian literature continue to be read?O Did Sumerian continue to be spoken?O Did scribes pose new texts in Sumerian?O Did Sumerian have the same fate as Latin had after the fall of Rome?9. The word document in the passage is closest in meaning toO includeO influenceO organizeO record10. According to paragraph 5, writing was first used forO simple bookkeepingO descriptions of daily eventsO counting the contents of clay tabletsO government reports11. The phrase “Now and then” in the passage is closest in meaning toO alwaysO occasionallyO sooner or laterO first and last12. According to paragraph 6, large batches of clay writing tablets were stored because the tabletsO were being produced quickly and in large quantitiesO did not serve any practical purpose for most MesopotamiansO contained information that needed to be available for future referenceO could not be used again once they had been written on13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, the Sumerian language did not entirely disappear.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTThe earliest examples of writing have been found in Mesopotamia and date to shortly before 3000 .Answer ChoicesWriting was invented in the same areas in which civilization began by the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.The development of cuneiform is known because it was written on a longlasting material and because it was long and widely used throughout the ancient Near East.Cuneiform tablets generally dealt with business and factual matters, but other topics, including literature, were also recorded and valued.Writing was developed first by the Sumerians using wedge shaped marks (cuneiform) on clay tablets and then by the Egyptians using papyrus paper.Scribes using cuneiform in Assyria, Babylon, Syria and Asia Minor had to learn allthe languages that used the cuneiform script.Batches of clay tablets, sometimes with as many as a thousand tablets each, are often found by archaeologists. scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedgeshaped marks (cunei in Latin) that are its hallmark Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines, there are hundreds of binations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words. Learning these plex signs required long training and much practice。托福TPO46閱讀文本+題目+答案下載上海新航道整理！更多托福TPO閱讀查看，請(qǐng)移步：更多托福TPO查看，請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊： 托福TPO寫作大全 托福TPO口語(yǔ)大全 托福TPO聽力大全1. The Origins of WritingIt was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modernday Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 ., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia.The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper。 it was excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet bee the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands. In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia, and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the mon era until finally yielding, once and for all, to more convenient alternatives.The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay. This script consists of simple shapes, basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus。 inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small professional class, the scribes.The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians