【正文】 specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal munication system? 人類語(yǔ)言的甄別性特征是什么？答： 1. Arbitrariness（任意性） : (課本答案： a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Nonarbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. （創(chuàng)造性） : （課本答案： creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send） Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before. （二重性） : （課本答案： a feature totally lacking in any animal munication） It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. （移位性） : （課本答案： no animal can ―talk‖ about things removed from the immediate situation） Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or faraway places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. transmission（文化傳遞性）： （課本答案： details of human language system are taught and learned while animals are born with the capacity to send out certain signals as a means of limited munication） While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not geically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. 十一： Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?答： Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash, etc.. Take pounds for another example. The two elements ―photo‖ and ―copy‖ in ―photocopy‖ are nonmotivated, but the pound is not arbitrary. 第二章 Phonology（ 1） 一． What are the two major media of munication? Of the two, which one is primary and why? 語(yǔ)言交際的兩大媒介是什么？哪一個(gè)是基本的交際媒介？為什么？ 答 Speech and writing are the major media of munication. Speech is considered primary over writing. The reasons are: speech is prior to writing in language evolution, speech plays a greater role in daily munications, and speech is the way in which people acquire their native language. 二 what are the three branches of phoics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds? 語(yǔ)音學(xué)的三個(gè)分支是什么。 it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete。 its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. 四 Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic（共時(shí)性） or diachronic（歷時(shí)性） ? Why?答 :The description of language at some point in time is a synchronic study。 in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 11)Other related branches are anthropological linguistics(人類語(yǔ)言學(xué) ), neurological linguistics（神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)） , mathematical linguistics（數(shù)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)） , and putational linguistics（計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言學(xué)） . 三 .what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? (現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法有什么區(qū)別 ?答 :Traditional grammar prescriptive（規(guī)定性） 。第一章 一 . Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of investigates not any particular language, but languages in general. Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，真實(shí)的 ) language data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually used, formulating some hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity. 二 .What are the branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? (語(yǔ)言學(xué)的主要分支是什么。每個(gè)分支的研究對(duì)象是什么？ )Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 1)General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study 2)Phoics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic munication 3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in munication 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are bined to form sentences 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in the context of use 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society 9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies。 it is based on high (religious, literary) written language. It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive（描述性） 。 t