【正文】 failure of our exports to increase as a result of deep cuts in the value of the dollar, has formed a group to study ways to sharpen our petitiveness. 9. In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is that the potential energy of the cars, gained as a Often visible as smog, Conj. Two major pollutants emitted by automobiles Conj. Conversions 與 increases 形勢(shì)對(duì)稱， increases 強(qiáng)調(diào)增加本身， increasing強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作 Hope: ,it is hoped, 作插入語(yǔ)； it is hoped that+從句 They 優(yōu)先代指從句主語(yǔ) 獨(dú)立主格 : (with/each)+ n./ ed/ ing/ +about/over Cars’ potential energy 錯(cuò) chain drive lifts them(指 cars) through the Earth’s gravity to the top of the first drop, has been converted to kiic energy by the time the ride ends. 10. the diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, with meat as a rarity. 11. Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that it is present when it is not. 12. in 1791RC, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property. 第二章：主謂一致 （二看主謂一致 or多謂語(yǔ)一致） 1. 物質(zhì)名詞（ equipment/ stone/ citrus/ iron/ milk/ dioxin） :單數(shù) 2. 數(shù)詞 (several/two/three…)+ 單位詞復(fù)數(shù) (tons/miles…)+of+ 不可數(shù)名詞 /物質(zhì)名詞：復(fù)數(shù) 3. 學(xué)科名詞 (statistics/ economics/physics…), 疾病，國(guó)家名稱 (the United States)，機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 : 單數(shù) 4. A or/ nor B, not A but B, either A or B, not only A but also B, neither A nor B: B 5. A with/ including/ as well as/ ,along with/ ,no less than/ ,more than B/ besides/ except B: A 6. no/ part of/ most of/ all of/ some of/ percent of/ the rest of n.: n. body/ collection/ array/ series/ set/ portion/ group of : 單數(shù) total of: 復(fù)數(shù) 9. the average of: 單數(shù) 。 not A, but rather B。 ? 概括： a n. (program/ information/ effort/ practice) that ? 修飾： n., n. that從句 ? 代詞： n., one/ones + that 從句 五）獨(dú)立主格： (with/each) + n./ ed/ ing/ （注意 each后接單數(shù) its 非 their） 六）省略結(jié)構(gòu)： V.+that 兩個(gè)句子并列，第一個(gè)含有 be作為助 動(dòng) 詞或 bee，第二個(gè)句子中的 be或 bee 必須省略。 ? 內(nèi)容具體化：抽象 n.(theory/ evidence/ belief/ principle/hypothesis) + that從句 (that 不能省略 )。 n., a n.。 Pron.: 代替單主句 (. indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows reinforce stereotyped images) 四）同位結(jié)構(gòu)： 同位語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ) … （一定要一致） ? 解釋： n.,n.。 (just) as …, so 主句 。many n…..,if not most, do sth。 it seem/happen/appear + that + 主從 二 ） 賓語(yǔ)從句：動(dòng)詞型： that不能省略 / 介詞型：介詞后只能接疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 (除 in that, except that, but that) 三 ）表語(yǔ)從句：主語(yǔ) +be+that從句 /疑問(wèn)詞型從句 二、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)： 一）強(qiáng)調(diào)： it is…that …。at billions of lightyears from Earth the most distant observable objects in the universe, 第一章：句 子 結(jié)構(gòu) (一劃句子結(jié)構(gòu) ) 一、名詞性從句： 一）主語(yǔ)從句： it may (well) be that + 主從 。 it be +adj./ed/n. + that + 主從 。 it is not until…that…。 n. is as…as…, if not more so. 二）倒裝： 三） as結(jié)構(gòu)： Prep.: accept/ classify/ define/ describe/ know/ name/ refer to/ regard/ speak of/ state/ think/ think of/ view as n. Conj.: (just) as …, 主句 。 (just) as …, so too 主句 (部分倒裝 )。 a n., n.。 the n., n.。of 表示所屬關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)部分概念。 七）否定結(jié)構(gòu)： Is not A, but B。 is A, rather than B。 a average of: 復(fù)數(shù) 10. neither: 單數(shù) 11. each of n. + 單數(shù)； n. each + 復(fù)數(shù) 。 練習(xí)： 1. Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial, as when the three major works each broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate. 2. Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, are going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring. 3. downsoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open space in areas where there are few services and little available water. 第三章 動(dòng)詞形式 (三看時(shí)態(tài) 是否一致 ， 四看語(yǔ)氣 ) ： 過(guò)去時(shí)： originally，過(guò)去時(shí)間 ；一般現(xiàn)在： mon, 一般特征，客觀事實(shí)，科學(xué)事實(shí)，地理位置，統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，研究結(jié)論，商業(yè)慣例，法律規(guī)定，合同約定；現(xiàn)在完成： since, within, during, over, in；將來(lái)時(shí)： possiblility/ likelihood that, be supposed to do going to do, be to be doing, be to be done；過(guò)去將來(lái)： would be ： It is adj.(important/ natural/ essential/ imperative/ necessary/ vital/ advisable/ obligatory/ best/ incredible/ ironic/ preferable/ appropriate) + that + 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 Advocate/ advise/ move/ remend/ (sb.)suggest/ (sb.)propose/ order/ decree/ mandate/ mand/ demand/ request/