【正文】 al in shape, . carpal bones ? Flat bones: thin, ? Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, . vertebrae, pneumatic bones含氣骨 * Sesamoid bones籽骨 : develop within tendon General structures of bone骨的構(gòu)造 ? Bone substance 骨質(zhì) ? pact bone 骨密質(zhì) ? spongy bone 骨松質(zhì) 呈海綿狀，由 trabeculae骨小梁構(gòu)成 ※ In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of pact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和 內(nèi)板 , while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo235。構(gòu)成支架，賦予骨的彈性和韌性。賦予骨硬度和脆性 Organic material Inanic salts Children 1 1 Adult 3 7 Old 1 4 Bones of trunk 軀干骨 ? Composition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and ribs Vertebrae 椎骨 ? There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: ? Cervical vertebrae 頸椎 ? Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 ? Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 ? Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 sacrum 骶骨 ? Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 ~4 coccyx尾骨 General features of vertebrae ? Vertebral body 椎體 ? Vertebral arch 椎弓 ? pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根 : sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切跡 ? lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板 ? process (7): ? spinous process 棘突 ? transverse process 橫突 ? sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下關(guān)節(jié)突 ? Vertebral foramen 椎孔 ? Vertebral canal 椎管 ? Intervertebral foramen 椎間孔 Regional variations of vertebrae Cervical vertebrae ? Vertebrae Body: small ? Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular ? Spinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 ? Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen橫突孔 ? Articular processes: horizontal Atypical vertebeae ? Atlas寰椎 (C1) ? Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses ? Groove for vertebral artery 椎動脈溝 ? Axis樞椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齒突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas ? Carotid tubercle: 頸動脈結(jié)節(jié) : anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 ? Vertebra prominens 隆椎 (C7):contains long and nonbifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes Thoracic vertebrae ? Vertebrae Body ： heartshape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹 ? Vertebral foramen： smaller, rounder ? Spinous processes： long, point obliquely downward ? Transverse processes： transverse costal fovea 橫突肋凹 ? Articular processes: coronal Lumbar vertebrae ? Vertebrae Body： larger, kidneyshape ? Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular ? Spinous processes: projects horizontally ? Transverse processes: long ? Articular processes: sagittal Sacrum ? Anterior surface: promontory岬 , anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔 (four pairs) ? Posterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴 , posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔 ，sacral cornu 骶角 ? Lateral part: auricular surface耳狀面 , sacral tuberosity骶粗隆 Transsacral (epidural) anasthesia Cornua palpation Sacral hiatus Sternum ? Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄 : jugular notch 頸靜脈切跡 , clavicular notch 鎖切跡 ? Body of sternum 胸骨體 ? Xiphoid process ★ Sternal angle 胸骨角 : the junction of manubrium and body, which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly ★ Sternal angle 胸骨角 which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly Ribs肋 : 12 pair ? General features ? Ribs 1~7 called true ribs真肋 ? Ribs 8~10 called false ribs 假肋 ? Ribs 11~12 called floating ribs 浮肋 Characteristics of “typical” rib ? Posterior end: costal head 肋頭 , costal neck肋頸 , costal tubercle肋結(jié)節(jié) ? Shaft: costal angl