國際貿易實務-緒論(1)-展示頁
2025-05-24 13:19本頁面
【正文】 ave gone to work in Germany, Switzerland, France, the Benelux nations, and Scandinavia. ? Today the Asians particularly the Chinese work in the west The present situation 2021年： 美國進出口總額約為 中國進出口總額為 日本進出口總額為 中國排名第二； 2021年：中國國際貿易額預計 ，超過美國； 2021年中國在全球的主要貿易伙伴排名： 歐盟、美、日本、東盟、香港、韓國、臺灣、澳大利亞、印 度、俄羅斯、巴西、加拿大。 How is International Trade Measured? International Trade Policy Trade policies e in many varieties: Tariff, subsidies, quantitative restrictions, encouragement ? Import Tariff(進口關稅） A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods and/or service being imported into the country. ? Two types: protective tariffs Revenue tariff(財政關稅 ) ? Three ways: specific duty(從量） , ad valorem duty（從價） , pound duty（混合） NonTariff Barriers to Imports 非關稅壁壘 ? A nontariff barrier (NTB) to imports is any policy used by the government to reduce imports, other than a simple tariff on imports. ? Limiting the quantity of the imports ? Increasing the cost of getting imports into the market ? Creating uncertainty about the conditions under which imports will be permitted Import Quotas 進口配額 ? Import quotas, a limit on the total quantity of imports of a product allowed into the country during a period of time, is the best nontariff is implemented with license. ? Two types: absolute quotas (絕對配額） 絕對配額是指在一定時期內，對某些商品規(guī)定一個最高的進口數(shù)量或金額。 tariffrate quotas（關稅配額） 對于凡在某一限額內進口的貨物可以適用較低的稅率或免稅 Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) 自動出口限制 ? A voluntary export restraint is an oddlooking trade barrier in which the importing country government coerces(脅迫 )the foreign country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its exports to this country. ? 1960’sUnited Statestextiles and clothing ? 1980’sUnited StatesJapanese cars Other Nontariff Barriers ? Product Standard（產品標準） ? Domestic Content Requirements（國產含量） ? Government Procurement Policies（政府采購政策） ? RedTape Barriers (進口環(huán)節(jié)壁壘） ? 通關環(huán)節(jié)壁壘通常表現(xiàn)在，進口國有關當局在進口商辦理 通關手續(xù) 時，要求其提供非常復雜或難以獲得的資料，甚至商業(yè)秘密資料，從而增加進口產品的成本，影響其順利進入進口國市場；通關程序耗時冗長，使得應季的進口產品 (如應季服裝、農產品等 )失去貿易機會；對進口產品征收不合理的海關稅費。 Trade Bloc 集團貿易 Trade Bloc ? A trade bloc is an intergovernmental association of a large free trade area formed by one or more tax, tariff and trade agreements, which manages and promotes trade activities for specific regi
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