【正文】 幾 種 建材能夠提供建筑和結(jié)構(gòu)如此的通用性和廣泛適用性 。 Reinforced concrete structures may be castinplace concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. 鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)可 能是 現(xiàn)澆混凝土 結(jié)構(gòu) ，在其最后位置建造，或者他們可能是在一家工廠生產(chǎn)混凝土預(yù)制件 ，再在 施工現(xiàn)場 安裝 。鋼筋混凝土建筑 的 普遍性源于鋼筋 的 廣泛供應(yīng)和混凝土的 組成成分 ，礫石，沙子，水泥等，混凝土施工所需的技能相對簡單， 與 其他形式的建設(shè) 相比， 鋼筋混凝土 更加經(jīng)濟。 外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 Reinforced Concrete 鋼筋混凝土 Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete pared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. 在每一個國家 ， 混凝土及鋼筋混凝土 都被 用來作為建筑材料。很多 地區(qū) ，包括美國和加拿大，鋼筋混凝土在工程建設(shè) 中 是主要的結(jié)構(gòu)材料。 混凝土及鋼筋混凝土用 于 橋梁 、 各種地下 結(jié)構(gòu)建筑、 水 池、 電視塔 、 海 洋石油勘探 建筑、工業(yè)建筑、大壩 ，甚至 用于造船業(yè) 。混凝土結(jié)構(gòu) 在 設(shè)計 上可能是 普通 的和 多 功能的，或形狀和布局 是奇想 和藝術(shù) 的 。 Concrete is strong in pression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tensionpression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and pletely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars. 混凝土有較強的抗壓力但抗拉力很弱 。在素 混凝土梁 中 ， 中和軸的彎矩是由在混凝土內(nèi)部拉壓力偶來抵抗作用荷載之后的值 。在鋼筋混凝土梁 中 ，鋼筋是 那樣埋置于混凝土中，以至于當(dāng)混凝土開裂后彎矩平衡所需的拉力由綱筋中產(chǎn)生 。 模型 必須 足夠 強大，以至于能夠 支 承自 重和濕混凝土 的 靜水壓力，工人 施加的 任何力量都適用于它，具體的手推車，風(fēng) 壓力 ，等等。 在 混凝土硬化 后 ， 模板 都將被 移走 。 The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place, the concrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form pletely. 設(shè)計師必須 使混凝土構(gòu)件 有足夠的 強度 來 抵 抗荷 、 載和足夠的剛度 來 防止過 度 的撓度 變形 。 例如，鋼筋 必須按構(gòu)造設(shè)計，以便能在現(xiàn)場裝配。 The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations: 被建成的結(jié)構(gòu)材料的 選擇 是 混凝土， 還是 鋼材 、砌體 ， 或 木材 ， 取決于是否有材料和一些價值 決策 。 常常 首要考慮的是結(jié)構(gòu) 的總造價 。 然而，總投資常常更受總工期的影響，因為承包商和業(yè)主必須借款或貸款以便完成建設(shè)，在建筑物竣工前他們從此項投資中將得不到任何回報 。因此，金融儲蓄，由于快速施工可能多于抵消增加材料成本。 In many cases the longterm economy of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration. 在許多情況下，長期的經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)可能比第一成本更重要。 2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function. A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to bine the architectural and structural functions. Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plast