【正文】 lysis: What Chemicals Say [D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress Text 2 It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the ments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Inter– and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why mercial publishers are making money from governmentfunded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the farreaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging。 three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through sitelicensing agreements. There is openaccess publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are openaccess archives, where anizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed openaccess, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peerreview process, at least for the publication of papers. 26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses [A] the background information of journal editing. [B] the publication routine of laboratory reports. [C] the relations of authors with journal publishers. [D] the traditional process of journal publication. 27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report? [A] It criticizes governmentfunded research. [B] It introduces an effective means of publication. [C] It upsets profitmaking journal publishers. [D] It benefits scientific research considerably. 28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that [A] it provides an easier access to scientific results. [B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. [C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. [D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research. 29. With the openaccess publishing model, the author of a paper is required to [A] cover the cost of its publication. [B] subscribe to the journal publishing it. [C] allow other online journals to use it freely. [D] plete the peerreview before submission. 30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? [A] The Inter is posing a threat to publishers. [B] A new mode of publication is emerging. [C] Authors wele the new channel for publication. [D] Publication is rendered easier by online service. Text 3 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people especially those born to families who have lived in the . for many generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this geic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly mon practice of recruiting players from all over the world. Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding ti