【正文】 s and families have long planned for the EOL financially and for the resource distribution after death, many fewer individuals have planned for healthrelated issues at the EOL and the consequences of approaching death. Recent studies show that about 66% of . older adults over the age of 70 had written wills (Goetting and Martin 2021。 Stum 2021。本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外 文 翻 譯 原文： Looking Beyond Retirement: Patterns and Predictors of Formal EndofLife Planning Among Retirement Age Individuals Abstract： this study uses the 2021 wave of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study to examine the patterns and predictors of formal EndofLife (EOL) planning strategies among retirement age individuals and whether EOL health and financial planning are highly correlated planning behaviors. Using logistic regressions and multinomial logistic regressions, findings show that EOL health plans appear to be done in bination with financial plans. Females, higher educated persons, and those with higher worth are more likely to have integrated EOL plans containing both EOL health and EOL financial plans. It is suggested that policy makers, health and financial professionals, and educators concerned about the consequences of the absence of EOL health plans should facilitate the joint planning with finances, especially among those at higher risk of not having such plans (., males, less educated persons, and those who have little worth). Keywords： Advance directives； Decision making； EndofLife； Health and financial planning behavior； Retirement Introduction The nature and causes of death have shifted over the past century. The leading causes of death are now chronic diseases, or ongoing conditions for which there is no cure (Rosenberg et ). New medical technologies prolong lives of the sick and dying, but the prolonged process often has serious psychological, physical, and financial consequences not only for the patients but also for the family (Brock and Foley 1998。 Field and Cassel 1997). For the dying patients, the final stage of life may be marked by physical pain, disability, isolation from one’s family and munity, and lack of patient autonomy. Meanwhile, the dying process has critical impacts on the family members, who may suffer physical and psychological strains from caregiving activities, and the depletion of economic resources due to the loss of the disabled persons’ earnings and fringe benefits, including health care and the costs of longterm care or hospitalization (Fan and Zick 2021,2021。 Warshawsky et al. 2021). The economic, psychological, and physical strains that acpany the dying process may be less severe for individuals and families who prepare for the EndofLife (EOL) (Emanuel 1996). EndofLife financial planning (., estate planning) is well established and widely accepted as facilitating individuals’ dealing with postdeath assets transfer issues. Lesswell established are EOL healthrelated tools such as those provisions of the 1990 Patient SelfDetermination Act, which assure the usage and utilization of the advance directives(Ott 1999), and the Hospice movement, which promotes palliative care at the EOL(National Hospice Organization 1995。 Lee 2021). In contrast, studies report a lower, though growing, proportion of adults with advance directives. Earlier studies report from 4 to 20% of the pletion rate (Hoefler 1997). A more recent study using 1995 wave of Asset and Health Dynamics among the oldestold (AHEAD) shows that 37% of the sample had advance directives, indicating a slight increase from the past (Hopp 2021). Hahn (2021) reports a 1999 study of members of a health maintenance anization found that onethird of patients aged 65years or older have an advance directive. It indicates that perhaps there are cohort differences in response to changes in legislature and health motivations. While financial planning and health care planning have been separately investigated (O’Conner 1996。 Chambers et al. 1994。 Field and Cassel 1997) showing that not having healt