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【正文】 ons. Through onthejob training, workers acquire both general skills that they can transfer from one job to another and specific skills that are unique to a particular job. Onthejob training, typically includes verbal and written instruction, demonstration and observation, and handson practice and imitation. In addition, the onthejob training process involves one employee—usually a supervisor or an experienced employee—passing knowledge and skills on to a novice employee. Onthejob training is the oldest form of training. Prior to the advent of offsite training classrooms, the only practical way of learning a job was working along side an experienced worker in a particular trade or profession—as evinced by the practice of apprenticeship during the Middle Ages when master craftsmen passed on skills and knowledge to novices who worked along side them. Onthejob training is still the predominant form of job training in the United States, particularly for nonmanagerial employees. Numerous studies indicate that it is the most effective form of job training. The largest share of onthejob training is provided by the private sector, though the most widely studied training programs are those sponsored by federal legislation. Onthejob training programs range from formal training with pany supervisors to learning by watching. In this sense, the most formal types of onthejob training are distinct from classroom training largely in that they take place within the firm. In the face of increased international petition and the more widespread use of puters in production processes, the implementation of more formal and sophisticated kinds of onthejob training has bee a critical issue for firms in the United States. TYPES OF ONTHEJOB TRAINING Two different types of onthejob training are frequently distinguished in the professional literature: structured (planned) and unstructured (unplanned). Unstructured is the most mon kind and refers to loose onthejob training programs that largely involve a novice employee working with an experienced employee, who serves as a guide or mentor in an observeandimitate training process. The new workers largely learn by trial and error with feedback and suggestions from experienced workers or supervisors. Unstructured training is designed based on work requirements (. manufacturing products), not on imparting job skilled needed by new workers (. the specific skills needed to manufacture products). Consequently, unstructured onthejob training often fails to impart needed skills fully or consistently, because experienced employees sometimes are unable to articulate clearly the proper methods for performing a job and they sometimes use different training methods each time train new workers. In contrast, structured onthejob training involves a program designed to teach new workers what they must know and do in order to plete their tasks successfully. Onthejob training represents a significant investment considering that roughly 30 percent of a new worker39。s program was expanded to include seven steps: 1. Demonstrate how to plete a task. 2. Review important points. 3. Demonstrate task aga
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