法學(xué)專業(yè)外文翻譯--紐約犯罪率減少的原因-其他專業(yè)-展示頁
2025-01-31 03:54本頁面
【正文】 police cause crime. Similarly, when crime is rising, prison populations also tend to rise. This is not surprising. Juvenile Crime Rates are Related to Punishment. Between 1978 and 1993,a walk around the streets of New York, Houston, Los Angeles, and just about any other major city confirms what the headlines tell us: crime is down. Yet the overall good news on crime is marred by a soaring juvenile crime rate. For instance, the rate at which juveniles were arrested for murder rose 177 percent between 1978 and 1993 even as the murder arrest rate for adults dropped by 7 percent. Over the same time span, the violent crime arrest figure for juveniles jumped by 79 percent while the parable adult figure rose by only 31 percent. Levitt studies the relationship between crime and punishment for juveniles. The severities of juvenile punishment have some implications for juvenile crimes. Specifically, over the last two decades, juvenile crime has grown at a much faster rate than adult crime. During that same period, the adult prison population has grown dramatically, but the number of juveniles in custody has not. He asks whether the striking divergence between the adult and juvenile crime rates is a rational response by teenagers to the likelihood and severity of punishment. For instance, by at least one crude measure (the ratio of adult state and federal prisoners per violent crime mitted in that year pared to the corresponding ratio for juveniles), criminal sanctions against youngsters were parable to those for adults in 1978. But they were only half as severe by 1993. Levitt finds that changes in relative punishments could account for 60 percent of the differential growth rate in juvenile and adult violent crime between 1978 and 1993. A number of important results emerge in his wideranging paper. For instance, state level data strongly suggest that lower rates of juvenile crime are associated with stiffer punishments. It39。 What Reduced Crime in New York City During the 1990s, crime rates in New York City dropped dramatically, even more than in the United States as a whole. Violent crime declined by more than 56 percent in the City, pared to about 28 percent in the nation as whole. Property crimes tumbled by about 65 percent, but fell only 26 percent nationally. Many attribute New York39。 在另一方面 ,我們研究法律改良的另一正面效果：這樣的法律可能導(dǎo)致因犯罪而被監(jiān)禁的犯人長大后 ,由于他們積極改造多年了，這類的從監(jiān)獄釋放的老人們是起 著一個非常有效率地運用資源 , 因為個人的年齡的增長，因為心態(tài)的成熟 ……另犯罪活動迅速下降，事實上 ,這是發(fā)揮了極其重要的作用。 事實上，近幾年來法律的改良持續(xù)穩(wěn)步的增長對于這段時間減少犯罪也是很有幫助的。（編號為 6484 的工作文件中指出） 具體來說，當前犯罪率的跌幅 ——犯罪率大約下降是總體的一半，是由于法律的威懾作用。不管它們涉及的領(lǐng)域如何，它們都有一個共同的特點：嚴厲懲罰罪犯犯下的嚴重罪行。 ” 近年來，幾乎每一個國家都采取了一些法律新形式的 “改良 ”的方式來打擊犯罪。短短的 三年間，由于法律涵蓋的深度廣度的加強和擴大，犯罪率明顯下跌 8%左右。 加強刑罰減少犯罪率。應(yīng)討論是否應(yīng)立法 ,允許或者限制個人攜帶隱藏武器 ,因為這對犯罪率有重要的影響。馬克狄格認為 ,今后要增加監(jiān)督持槍的數(shù)量，從而可能降低槍殺案件發(fā)
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