【正文】 els added greater sophistication including plex arithmetic and programmability. A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible puting devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern puters. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as the first digital electronic puter is difficult. 4 Notable achievements include. Konrad Zuse39。s puting unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in puting tables in 1906. This machine was given to the Science museum in South Kensington in 1910. In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machinereadable medium. Earlier uses of machinereadable media had been for control, not data. After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ... To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Largescale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith39。s inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never pleted 。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )外文資料翻譯 系 別 計算機(jī)信息與技術(shù)系 專 業(yè) 計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù) 班 級 姓 名 學(xué) 號 外文出處 附 件 1. 原文； 2. 譯文 2021 年 3 月 1 History of puting Main article: History of puting hardware The first use of the word puter was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or putations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out putations. Limitedfunction early puters The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the first programmable devices. The history of the modern puter begins with two separate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest puter, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to puting, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC of which a descendant won a speed petition against a modern desk calculating machine in Japan in 1946, the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient astronomical puter built by the Greeks around 80 BC. The Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a plex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of