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cess, the injection pressure increases and then drops again to the nozzle closing pressure at the end of injection, The consequences are as follows: Smaller injected fuel quantities are injected with lower pressures than larger injected fuel quantities, The peak pressure is more than double that of the mean injection pressure, and In line with the requirements for efficient bustion, the rateofdischarge curve is practically triangular. The peak pressure is decisive for the mechanical loading of a fuelinjection pump’s ponents and drive. On conventional fuelinjection systems it is decisive for the quality of the A/F mixture formation in the bustion chamber. Injection characteristics with Common Rail Compared to conventional injection characteristics, the following demands are made upon an ideal injection characteristic: 天津工程師范學(xué)院 20xx 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 31 Independently of each other, injected fuel quantity and injection pressure should be definable for each and every engine operating condition (provides more freedom for achieving ideal A/F mixture formation) At the beginning of the injection process, the injected fuel quantity should be as low as possible (that is, during the ignition lag between the start of injection and the start of bustion). These requirements are plied with in the Common Rail accumulator injection system with its pilot and maininjection features. The Common Rail system is a modular system, and essentially the following ponents are responsible for the injection characteristic: Solenoidvalvecontrolled injectors which are screwed into the cylinder head, Pressure accumulator (rail), and Highpressure pump. The following ponents also required in order to operate the system: Electronic control unit(ECU), Crankshaftspeed sensor, and Camshaftspeed sensor (phase sensor). For passengercar systems, a radialpiston pump is used as the highpressure pump for pressure generation. Pressure is generated independently of the injection process. The speed of the highpressure pump is coupled directly to the engine speed with a nonvariable transmission ratio. In parison with conventional injection systems, the fact that delivery is practically uniform, means that not only is the Common Rail highpressure pump much smaller, but also that its drive is not subject to such high pressureloading peaks. The injectors are connected to the rail by short lines and, essentially, prise a nozzle, and a solenoid valve which is energized by the ECU to switch it on (start of injection). When the solenoid valve is switched off (deenergized) injection ceases. Presuming constant pressure, the injected fuel quantity is directly proportional to the length o f time the solenoid valve is energized. It is pletely independent of the engine or pump speed (timecontrolled fuel injection). The required highspeed solenoid switching is achieved by using high voltages and currents. This means that the solenoidvalve triggering stage in the ECU must be designed accordingly. 天津工程師范學(xué)院 20xx 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 32 The start of injection is controlled by the angletime control system of the EDC (Electronic Diesel Control). This uses a sensor on the crankshaft to register engine speed, and a sensor on the camshaft for phase detection (working cycle). Pilot injection Pilot injection can be advanced by up to 90 crankshaft (。在 姜紹忠 老師的耐心指導(dǎo)和啟發(fā)下,最后,我圓滿(mǎn)完成了本文的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),但是由于時(shí)間倉(cāng)促及水平有限,缺點(diǎn)和錯(cuò)誤在所難免,希望各位老師給予批評(píng)指正。但是,由于我的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)還不夠扎實(shí),再加上對(duì)汽車(chē)柴油機(jī)的理解還不夠,以致于我剛開(kāi)始動(dòng)手設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)有所茫然。 在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,使我學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)待實(shí)際問(wèn)題的方法及嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)墓ぷ鲬B(tài)度,提高了綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識(shí)的能力,也是我的另外一大收獲。讓我真正體會(huì)到理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際,學(xué)以致用的正確性,通過(guò)查閱大量的文獻(xiàn)資料及研究大量汽車(chē)的相關(guān)書(shū)籍,詳細(xì)的汽車(chē)柴油機(jī)技術(shù)知識(shí),使我對(duì)當(dāng)前的許多新技術(shù)有了一定的了解。所作的主要工作如下: 共軌 柴油 機(jī) 的相關(guān)資料,主要是長(zhǎng)城(博世)柴油共軌發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的各項(xiàng)參數(shù),以及總體的柴油燃油系統(tǒng)的課題文章 ; CAD 軟件參與了實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)面板電路圖的繪制 ; ; 實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái) 使用說(shuō)明。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 20xx 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 25 結(jié) 論 本文以長(zhǎng)城柴油共軌發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)為說(shuō)明對(duì)象,探討了 高壓共軌柴油機(jī) 的組成及工作原理,介紹了 高壓共軌柴油機(jī) 實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)的 結(jié)構(gòu) 特點(diǎn)和 原理 及 性能參數(shù)等情況。 (10) 嚴(yán)格按照規(guī)定使用符合要求的汽油、潤(rùn)滑油、冷卻液。 (8) 超過(guò)十天不使用本機(jī)時(shí),務(wù)必?cái)嚅_(kāi)蓄電池負(fù)極接線(xiàn)。 (6) 汽油箱油位報(bào)警燈亮?xí)r,須及時(shí)加油以免燒壞汽油泵。 (4) 操作時(shí)應(yīng)注意與旋轉(zhuǎn)件、高溫件保持一定距離以免發(fā)生事故。 (3) 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中應(yīng)隨時(shí)檢查機(jī)油油壓、水溫、充電狀態(tài)以及是否有 油、水、電氣的天津工程師范學(xué)院 20xx 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 24 泄露和機(jī)體異響,出現(xiàn)故障應(yīng)立即停機(jī)檢修。 使用 注意事項(xiàng) (1) 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)前應(yīng)察看潤(rùn)滑油、冷卻液、蓄電池的液面高度是否滿(mǎn)足要求,若不足時(shí)應(yīng)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充后再運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。 ( 7) 把油門(mén)踏板從原始狀態(tài)迅速踏下,操作顯示面板上的相關(guān)儀表顯示發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速?gòu)?800r/m 瞬間增至 3000r/以上,此時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)入急加速工況。 ( 6) 加大油門(mén)開(kāi)度 , 操作顯示面板上的相關(guān)儀表顯示發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速在25004000r/m 左右,此時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)入高速工況。 ( 5) 輕踏油門(mén)踏板,操作顯示面板上的相關(guān)儀表顯示發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速在15002500r/m 左右,此時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)入中速工況 。 ( 4) 當(dāng)水溫表顯示溫度為 70℃ 80℃ 時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熱機(jī)結(jié)束,此時(shí)怠速降在 800r/m左右,發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)入怠速工況。 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常時(shí)防盜燈應(yīng)熄滅(否則發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可能無(wú)法起動(dòng)或運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不正常),機(jī)油報(bào)警燈、蓄電池充電指示燈也同時(shí)熄滅。 ( 2) 旋轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)至起動(dòng)檔位,起動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)(最長(zhǎng)可延續(xù) 5 秒鐘)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后應(yīng)立即松開(kāi)鑰匙。電阻模擬主要用來(lái)模擬水溫信號(hào)、進(jìn)氣溫度傳感器信號(hào)等的電阻值變化 。電壓模擬主要用來(lái)模擬節(jié)氣門(mén)傳感器電壓信號(hào)、氧傳感器電壓信號(hào)等,通過(guò)模擬可用來(lái)判斷傳感器的好壞,也可通過(guò)解碼儀數(shù)據(jù)流的顯示觀察噴油脈寬和點(diǎn)火正時(shí)的改變。 本機(jī)不提倡短 路設(shè)置故障,如果采用了短路設(shè)置方式,則對(duì)有可能發(fā)生的元器件損壞 。 故障設(shè)置功能 : 本機(jī)設(shè)有兩個(gè)故障設(shè)置區(qū): ( 1) 開(kāi)路設(shè)置區(qū) : 操作顯示面板下方的電腦端子引出口為開(kāi)路設(shè)置區(qū),插頭外緣為傳感器連接線(xiàn)點(diǎn),插頭內(nèi)緣為電腦連線(xiàn)點(diǎn),故障設(shè)置時(shí),關(guān)閉點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)后,只須拔下電腦相應(yīng)端子引出口插頭,換上專(zhuān)用的開(kāi)路模擬插頭即可造成開(kāi)路故障(當(dāng)設(shè)置故障后故障燈在點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)接通及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)下都會(huì)點(diǎn)亮)。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 20xx 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 22 故障分析與設(shè)置功能 本實(shí) 驗(yàn) 臺(tái)操作顯示面板上安裝了與原機(jī)電腦數(shù)量相同的端子引出口,可方便地將各部位導(dǎo)線(xiàn)接通和斷開(kāi),并通過(guò)端子引出口上的裸露部分進(jìn)行電壓和電阻的測(cè)量,以便獲取故障碼后的故障分析。這些功能項(xiàng)目將通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)的顯視器顯視出,且更為直觀 、全面。該裝置的硬件部分由電磁繼電器、串轉(zhuǎn)并模塊、電磁繼電器電源(包括變壓器、整流器)、數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線(xiàn)及端口、單片機(jī) 5V 供電端口及傳輸線(xiàn)等組成。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 20xx 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 21 圖 36 柴油機(jī)共軌電路圖 實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)故障控制的設(shè)計(jì) 故障設(shè)置 與 消除的 設(shè)計(jì) 本實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái) 裝有一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī), 將采用智能故障設(shè)置裝置(圖 37),其由硬件和軟件兩部分組成。 以便 有目的地創(chuàng)造滿(mǎn)足 ECU 判斷故障生成條件的運(yùn)行環(huán)境。 第三部分為電腦液晶顯示區(qū) (圖 35), 顯示 燃油供給系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)原理示意圖和實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)的控制面板上顯示故障,傳感器的波形圖以及數(shù)據(jù),以方便學(xué)生先看原理示意圖有一個(gè)宏觀認(rèn)識(shí)再結(jié)合實(shí)物了解其原理,這樣會(huì) 取得更好的學(xué)習(xí)效果,同時(shí)也方便于教師教學(xué)以獲得更好的教學(xué)效果。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 20xx 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 20 圖 35 實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)架面板圖 第二部分為動(dòng)態(tài)顯示區(qū) (圖 35),具有主要數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)的數(shù)碼顯示功能,在 實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)前面板上設(shè)置 有 6 塊電子指示儀表 方便數(shù)據(jù)讀取 , 將 傳感器或模擬裝置 的輸入信號(hào)接到 該 儀表 的信號(hào)輸入端。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)周?chē)妮o件采用薄鋼管作護(hù)欄,安全、美觀。 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)支架及臺(tái)架的底邊采用方鋼焊制具有足夠的支撐剛度,安全耐用。 實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái) 臺(tái) 架的設(shè)計(jì) 本實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)臺(tái)架(圖 31) 造型現(xiàn)代、美觀、合理、安全,采用 45 號(hào)鋼質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)。 針閥 關(guān)閉的速度 取 決于 進(jìn)油節(jié)流孔 的流量。 (3) 噴油器關(guān)閉(噴油結(jié)束)電磁閥不吸合,彈簧力將球閥壓回球雨 硅 座中。 噴油器針閥打開(kāi)的速度取決于節(jié)流孔和反饋孔的流量。節(jié)流孔