【正文】 ply Chain提高供應(yīng)鏈的效率? Many panies are using Inter and Web technologies to manage supply chains in ways that yield increasing efficiency throughout the chain.很多公司利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)管理供應(yīng)鏈，以提高整個(gè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的效率? In 1997, production and scheduling errors cost Boeing over $ billion.1997年，生產(chǎn)和計(jì)劃的失誤使得波音公司損失超過 15億美元? Using EDI and Inter links, Boeing is working with suppliers so that they can provide the right part at the right time.? 波音公司用 EDI和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接同供應(yīng)商合作，使供應(yīng)商能夠在正確的時(shí)間提供正確的零部件。? The purchasing department has traditionally been charged with buying all these ponents at the lowest price possible. ? 傳統(tǒng)意義上，采購部門負(fù)責(zé)以可能低的價(jià)格購買所有零件，而忽略了供應(yīng)鏈的總成本。? Other hybrid solutions include EDIHTML translation services.? 其他混合的 EDI解決方案包括提供 EDIHTML翻譯服務(wù)。 29 Open Architecture of the Inter互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的開放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)? A number of new firms, such as Commerce One and IPNet, have begun providing EDI services on the Inter. Commerce One and IPNet等很多新企業(yè)已開始提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的EDI服務(wù)。大部分 VAN要收注冊(cè)費(fèi)、月租費(fèi)、和交易費(fèi)。? A valueadded work (VAN) is a pany that provides the munications equipment, software, and skills needed to receive, store, and forward electronic messages that contain EDI transaction sets.? 增值網(wǎng)是指一個(gè)企業(yè)提供接收、存儲(chǔ)和發(fā)送電子信息（包括 EDI報(bào)文）所需的通信設(shè)備、軟件和技術(shù)。? These EDI translator puters are then connected directly to each other using modems and dialup phone lines or dedicated leased lines.這些 EDI翻譯計(jì)算機(jī)通過調(diào)制解調(diào)器以及撥號(hào)電話線或?qū)＞€直接連接。? Trading partners can implement the EDI work and EDI translation processes in several ways using either direct connection or indirect connection.? 貿(mào)易伙伴可通過多種方式來實(shí)現(xiàn) EDI網(wǎng)絡(luò)和 EDI翻譯處理，這些方式可分為直接連接和間接連接。 21 Emergence of Broader EDI Standards 廣泛標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的出現(xiàn)? The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has been the coordinating body for standards in the . since 1918.美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì) (ANSI) 是成立于 1918年的美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的協(xié)調(diào)組織。20 Early Business Information Interchange Efforts早期的業(yè)務(wù)信息交換? In the 1950s, information flows between businesses continued to be printed on paper.在 20世紀(jì) 50年代，企業(yè)間的信息流還是記錄在紙面上。 however, it can include other information related to transactions, such as price quotes and orderstatus inquiries.所交換的業(yè)務(wù)信息通常是交易數(shù)據(jù)，但也包括同交易有關(guān)的其他信息，如報(bào)價(jià)和訂單狀態(tài)等。15EGovernment電子政務(wù)16 Network Model of Economic Organization經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的網(wǎng)絡(luò)模式? The trend in purchasing, logistics, and support activities is a shift away from hierarchical structures toward work structures.采購、物流和支持活動(dòng)的一個(gè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是從等級(jí)制度結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)向網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)? The Web is enabling this shift from hierarchical forms of economic anization to work forms.網(wǎng)站可以支持經(jīng)濟(jì)組織結(jié)構(gòu)由等級(jí)制形式轉(zhuǎn)向網(wǎng)絡(luò)形式? Highly specialized firms can now exist and trade services very efficiently on the Web.? 高度專業(yè)化的公司現(xiàn)在能夠在網(wǎng)上生存并有效地提供服務(wù)17 Network Model of Economic Organization經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的網(wǎng)絡(luò)模式? The roots of Web technology for B2B transactions lie in electronic data interchange (EDI).企業(yè)間交易的 Web技術(shù)卻來自于一種方法 —— 電子數(shù)據(jù)交換（ EDI）? These emerging works of firms are more flexible and can respond to changes in the economic environment much more quickly than hierarchically structured businesses ever could.? 這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)形式的公司非常靈活，比等級(jí)制結(jié)構(gòu)的企業(yè)更快地對(duì)環(huán)境變化做出反應(yīng)18 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換? EDI is a putertoputer transfer of business information between two businesses that uses a standard format.EDI是一某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式在企業(yè)之間以計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的方式傳遞企業(yè)信息? The two businesses that are exchanging information are called trading partners.交換信息的兩家企業(yè)通常稱為交易伙伴? Firms that exchange data in specific standard formats are said to be EDIpatible.? 如果企業(yè)是以特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式來交換數(shù)據(jù)，則稱企業(yè)是 EDI兼容的。14EGovernment電子政務(wù)? The . government’s Financial Management Service (FMS) opened its Web site, .2023年，美國政府的財(cái)政管理局（ FMS）建立了 ? FMS is responsible for receiving the government’s tax, license, and other fee revenue. FMS部門主要負(fù)責(zé)接收政府的稅費(fèi)收入，? FMS is responsible for paying out Social Security benefits, veterans benefits, tax refunds, and other disbursements. FMS部門并負(fù)責(zé)發(fā)放社保金、退休金、退稅及其他支出。 for example, they employ people, buy supplies from vendors, and distribute benefit payments of many kinds.政府也會(huì)進(jìn)行類似企業(yè)的活動(dòng)，如雇傭員工、采購用品、發(fā)放工資和福利。13 EGovernment電子政務(wù)? Although governments do not typically sell products or services to customers, they do perform many functions for their stakeholders.雖然政府并不向客戶銷售產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，但他們要為利益相關(guān)者執(zhí)行許多職能。? Knowledge management is another support activity that intentionally collects, classifies, and disseminates information about a pany, its products, and its processes.知識(shí)管理是專門收集、分類和發(fā)布有關(guān)企業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和業(yè)務(wù)流程的信息。11 Support Activities支持活動(dòng)? Online Benefits is a firm that duplicates its clients’ human resource functions on a secure Web site that is accessible to clients’ employees. Online B