產(chǎn)業(yè)組織與分析課程3-文庫吧資料
2025-01-12 02:48本頁面
【正文】 ，還是先以小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)而后逐漸擴(kuò)大規(guī)模。請(qǐng)問這一分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么？ Product differentiation (產(chǎn)品差異化 ) ? Development or incorporation of attributes (such as benefits, price, quality, styling, service, etc.) that A product39。 3. Determinant of Market Structure(市場結(jié)構(gòu)的決定因素 ) ? Market structures are shaped by many forces, such as economies and diseconomies of scale, product differentiation, barriers to entry and exit, financial market, merger and acquisition, life cycle of products and firms, rapid growth, random processes, and public policies etc. ? 市場結(jié)構(gòu)有許多因素決定的 .包括規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) (規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) ),產(chǎn)品差異化 ,進(jìn)退壁壘 ,金融市場 ,并購 ,產(chǎn)品和企業(yè)的生命周期 ,隨機(jī)過程以及公共政策等 . Market Structure: Determinants(另一種解釋） ? Determinants of market structure – History of the industry (standards) = early movers (path dependency) – Economies of Scale – Regulation – Freedom of entry and exit – Nature of the product – homogenous (identical) differentiated? – Control over supply/output – Control over price – Barriers to entry Economies and Diseconomies of Scale(規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) /不經(jīng)濟(jì) ) ? In most markets, is bigger usually better or is small usually beautiful? Waves of contrary claims have swept over the field since the 1890s, and the fads continue to ebb and flow a century later. ? Attention Please: ? 關(guān)于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)是否決定市場結(jié)構(gòu) ,學(xué)術(shù)界存在不同的觀點(diǎn) .在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中 ,企業(yè)大的是美好的還是小的是美好的 ,一直沒有結(jié)論 . ? What does research show? In quick summary, most markets are naturally petitive, with considerable room for petition. Concentration exceeds the minimum efficient scale (MES) in a number of markets. Accordingly, many markets have substantial excess market share. Technical versus Pecuniary gains(技術(shù) /金錢收益 ) ? 為什么理發(fā)行業(yè)的市場結(jié)構(gòu)非常分散 (由許多小店組成 ),而新聞 \航空行業(yè)卻非常集中 ? ? 這是由這幾個(gè)行業(yè)的技術(shù)程度決定的 :在后者中 ,技術(shù)是決定效率的主要因素 ,而對(duì)前者來說不是這樣 . ? 了解規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn) : ? Technical gains are those arising from actual physical anization of production activities. They reduce the ratio of inputs to outputs, thereby achieving a genuine increase in economic efficiency and a reduction of costs. These are true social gains, whether or not they are captured by the firm as profit or passed on the customers by means of lower prices. ? 技術(shù)收益來自真實(shí)的物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)組織過程中 ,即通過降低投入 產(chǎn)出比來降低成本 ,進(jìn)而提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率 .無論這種收益被企業(yè)所獲取 ,還是通過降價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)給消費(fèi)者 ,它們都是一種真實(shí)的社會(huì)收益 . ? Pecuniary gains are merely a matter of money, not of real efficiency. They occur mainly from lower input prices paid by the firm. The firm’s accounting costs are reduced, but not from any change in the real methods of production. ? 而金錢收益僅是金錢數(shù)量的問題 ,不涉及實(shí)際的經(jīng)濟(jì)效率 ,它來自低價(jià)購買原材料 ,進(jìn)而使企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)核算中的成本減少 .而之所以能夠低價(jià)購買原材料 ,要么是供應(yīng)商改進(jìn)了技術(shù) ,要么就是供應(yīng)商降低了獲得資本的成本 . Minimum Efficient Scale(最低有效率的規(guī)模 ) ? 最小有效規(guī)模 (minimum efficient scale, MES):獲得最低平均成本的最低產(chǎn)出水平 . ? 在最小有效規(guī)模狀態(tài)下 ,一家企業(yè)的平均成本接近于最低水平 ,大約在最低成本上浮 10%范圍以內(nèi) . ? 研究表明 ,最小有效規(guī)模越大 ,集中度越高 。而許多跨國公司在華的合資企業(yè)，其規(guī)模生產(chǎn)能力都設(shè)計(jì)在 100200萬臺(tái)左右 ? 1996年全國 98家彩電企業(yè)，有 49家企業(yè)共生產(chǎn)彩電 ，平均每個(gè)企業(yè)產(chǎn)量僅為 3800臺(tái)，而 10萬臺(tái)以上彩電生產(chǎn)能力的企業(yè)大多處于虧損狀態(tài)。 it has just one firm (local electricity and local water service, for example), usually with inelastic demand and high entry barriers. ? 完全壟斷是一個(gè)極端 ,只有一個(gè)廠商 (比如當(dāng)?shù)氐碾娏蜃詠硭袠I(yè) ),這些行業(yè)的需求缺乏彈性 (或剛性 ),并且進(jìn)入壁壘 高 ? Dominan
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