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放射化學(xué)第九講放射防護-文庫吧資料

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【正文】 dtddadN????? 單位: m2。 93射線的防護 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 167。 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 醫(yī)療照射 ? 美國每年有 2 billion X射線檢查, 32 million核醫(yī)學(xué)診斷, million化療,有數(shù)百萬開展醫(yī)學(xué)檢查的技術(shù)人員。 ? 孕婦腹部的年劑量限值為 2mSv/a,年攝入劑量限值為 1mSv/a. ICRP publication 60, 職業(yè)照射 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 ? The effective dose limit is the boundary of tolerability ? Dose limits for skin and lens of the eye are 500 mSv/a averaged over any 1 cm2 and 150 mSv/a, respectively ? Annual Limits on Intake (ALIs) are based on a mitted effective dose of 20 mSv ? Once pregnancy is declared, the conceptus should be protected by applying a supplementary equivalent dose limit to the surface of the woman’s abdomen of 2 mSv/a for the remainder of pregnancy and by limiting intakes of radionuclides to about 1/20 of the ALI Occupational Exposure) 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 167。 ? 有效劑量限值是可容忍的上限; ? 對于超過個人劑量限值的個人來講,勿需對其以后的照射設(shè)置特別限制。 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 個人劑量限值 Individual Dose and Risk Limits ? The exposure of individuals resulting from the bination of all the relevant practices should be subject to dose limits, or to some control of risks in the case of potential exposures. These are aimed at ensuring that no individual is exposed to radiation risks that are judged to be unacceptable in any normal circumstances. Not all sources are susceptible to control by action at the source and it is necessary to specify the sources to be included as relevant before selecting a dose limit 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 ? 實施的干預(yù)措施應(yīng)利大于弊; ? 干預(yù)的形式、規(guī)模和時間長短應(yīng)遵循最優(yōu)化原則,即凈利益最大化原則; ? 采取干預(yù)措施時,不能應(yīng)用劑量限值原則,但可以預(yù)設(shè)采取干預(yù)措施的劑量值。目的在于保證在任何正常情況下,個人受到的來自這些實踐的輻射危害不會達到不可接受的程度。 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 防護的最優(yōu)化原則 Optimisation of protection ? The magnitude of individual doses, the number of people exposed, and the likelihood of incurring exposures should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. ? This procedure should be constrained by restrictions on the doses to individuals, or the risks to individuals in the case of potential exposures, so as to limit the inequity likely to result from the inherent economic and social judgements. 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 個人劑量限值 Individual Dose and Risk Limits ? 個人受到的來自所有相關(guān)實踐的照射應(yīng)有劑量限。 ? No practice involving exposures to radiation should be adopted unless it produces a sufficient benefit to the exposed individuals or to society to offset the radiation detriment it causes 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 防護的最優(yōu)化原則 Optimisation of protection ? 對于一項實踐中的任一特定源,個人劑量的大小、受照的人數(shù)以及潛在的照射等,在考慮了經(jīng)濟和社會因素后,都應(yīng)當(dāng)保持在可以合理達到的盡量低的程度。 ? The somatic and hereditary effects, which may start from a single modified cell? Stochastic effects 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 167。 ? If enough cells in an an or tissue are killed or prevented from reproducing and functioning normally, there will be a loss of an function? deterministic effects 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 Deterministic effects ? 確定性效應(yīng)的發(fā)生有閾值;效應(yīng)的嚴(yán)重程度隨劑量的增加而增強;照射量與確定性效應(yīng)之間有明確的因果關(guān)系。 ? Chronic exposure is exposure to a small dose of radiation over a long period of time, chronic exposure can result in cancer later in life. 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 急性照射的生物效應(yīng) Dose (Sv) Effe ct s No detec ta b le ef fects Sli ght bl ood changes 1 Moder ate bl ood change s 2 Nausea, vom it ing, fati gue 4 So m e dea ths wi thi n 1 m o nth 7 100% fata l 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 Acute Radiation Syndrome 前期癥狀 厭食,惡心 嘔吐 腹瀉 無癥狀 潛伏期 發(fā)病期 厭食,惡心 嘔吐,腹瀉 組織損傷 恢復(fù)或死亡 Time Irradiation 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 ?急性照射癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度和時間分布依賴于最大的吸收 劑量; ?前期癥狀一般在 6小時后發(fā)生;如果全身照射劑量超過 50100拉德 , 前期癥狀出現(xiàn)的更早 , 也更嚴(yán)重 。 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 相對生物效應(yīng) ? Particles with high energy loss effects cause typically greater damage. ? The RBE for different kinds of radiation can be expressed in terms of energy loss effects LET. Dose of Low LET radiation, including X and ? rays, all energies, required to cause effects x Dose of radiation required to cause effect x RBE = 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 These high energies are sufficient to kill more cells than actually available! Biological effects of radiation 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 急性照射和慢性照射 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 ? 短時間內(nèi)受到大劑量的照射為急性照射,急性照射可造成損傷或死亡 。 Collective equivalent dose 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 ST ? 集體當(dāng)量劑量用來評價某一人群某指定的組織或器官所受到的總的照射情況; ? 當(dāng)評價某一輻射事件對特定人群所造成的危害以及進行輻射防護的最優(yōu)化設(shè)計時,使用集體當(dāng)量劑量。 ? ??RRTRRT DWH ..2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 輻射權(quán)重因子( Radiation weighting factors) Type of radiation wR 光子,所有能量 1 電子及介子,所有能量 1 中子 ,能量 10keV 10keV?100keV 100keV ?2MeV 2MeV ?20MeV 20MeV 5 10 20 10 5 質(zhì)子,非反沖質(zhì)子 ,能量 2MeV 5 ?粒子,裂變碎片,重核 20 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程學(xué)院 輻射權(quán)重因子(中子) 2022/10/23 劉春立,化學(xué)與分子工程
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